Undergraduate Theses
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Item Phytochemical screening, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the crude ethanolic extract of calamansi (Citrus microcarpa) peelsBaquiano, Clarie Dean C. (Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2015-06)Citrus fruits are well-known sources of vitamin C, and like most other whole foods, they also contain an impressive list of other essential nutrients and high amounts of phytochemicals. Calamansi, scientifically known as Citrus microcarpa, is a native citrus plant cultivated throughout the Philippines. Calamansi is chiefly utilized for its pulp and juice but the peels and pressed pulp, covering each individual segment of the edible portion and seeds are considered as wastes and thrown away. To further utilize the rind or peels, this study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the crude ethanolic extract of C. microcarpa peels. Presence of select phytochemicals was also tested. The antioxidant and antibacterial activities were investigated using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay and Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion susceptibility method, respectively. Results of the phytochemical screening have confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, steroids and saponins in the extract. Crude ethanolic extract of C. microcarpa peels also showed activity against DPPH radicals with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 14.46 pL/mL, a much higher IC50 value compared to the positive control, ascorbic acid, with 8.36 pL/mL. The antibacterial activity assay of the extract showed minimal inhibition against E. coli and S. aureus.Item Decomposition of sugarcane bagasse by TrichodermaBangilan, Ma. Irish P. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 1994-04)Sugarcane bagasse, an end-product after extraction of the juice of the sugarcane, was composted with the aid of Trichoderma, a compost fungus activator which shortens the decomposition process of farm wastes. Decomposition process was observed through the changes in temperature and substrate consistency. An average of 94 days was noted for a complete decomposition of 900 kg bagasse. Analysis of bagasse compost gave 0.78% nitrogen, 4.94% phosphorus, in the form of P2O5 and 1.55% potassium, in the form of K 2O. It showed that composted bagasse is a good source of phosporus but poor in nitrogen and potassium. The compost, nevertheless, can also be a good soil conditioner.Item Historical analysis of Hippeatrum puniceum (Var) Lam.Bañas, Shirlyn L. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 1996-03)A histochemical study Hipppeastrum puniceum, a bulbous plant of Family Amaryllidaceae, was performed to screen the plant for the presence of medically important substances that could be responsible for its curative powers. Results of the analyses showed that the leaf reacted positively to tests for presence of aldehydes, alkaloids, amygdalin, and arbutin; the roots tested positive for aldehydes, alkaloids, amygdalin, lecithin, oxalic acid, saponins, and tartaric acid. The bulb had aldehydes, alkaloids, amygdalin, arbutin, lecithin, saponins and tannins. On the other hand, the leaf, root, and bulb yielded negative results in the tests for presence of presence of citric acid, formic acid, lignin, and phytosterol.Item Comparing the quercetin content of different Allium sp. by spectrophotometryAsuelo, Allen Daryl F. (Division of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2007-04)Quercetin from two Allium sp. was extracted sequentially with solvents of varying degrees of polarity. The crude quercetin was subjected to chemical tests and the concentration determined by using Shimadzu mini UV-Vis 1240 Spectrophotometer. Results of the study showed that the extraction procedure used was effective in extracting quercetin. This was verified by the identical spectrum obtained with quercetin from the standard (Quercetin Complex) with the IR spectrum of quercetin obtained from the literature. The crude quercetin was positive to the both chemical tests, namely Baeyer's and Ferric chloride tests, subjected to it. Quercetin content in red onions was obtained with mean concentrations of 10.60 mg/kg at 362nm and 7.429 mg/kg at 370nm. Quercetin content in garlic was obtained with mean concentrations of 9.692 mg/kg at 362nm and 5.689 mg/kg at 370nm. The quercetin concentration measured at 370nm was quercetin another wavelength at 362nm measured the concentration of quercetin as flavonols. The result of One-way ANOVA at 0.05a showed that there is a significant difference in the quercetin content between red onions and garlic.Item The effects of RA 9136 (EPIRA) on organizational effectiveness: A descriptive comparative case study of Iloilo Electric CooperativeBagundang, Farizah Joy P. (Division of Social Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2012-04)The national energy problem led to the reform of the Philippine power industry through RA 9136 of 2001 (EPIRA), aimed at improving energy supply and lowering electricity rates through private sector participation in service delivery. This study examined the case of Iloilo Electric Cooperative (ILECO) 1, one of the largest cooperatives in the Province of Iloilo, in evaluating the effects of institutional reform to organizational effectiveness. The study utilized key informant interviews to obtain primary data on institutional reforms and community survey to gather primary data on ILECO 1’s services and consumer welfare. A total of 132 residential and commercial respondents in the Municipality of Miagao, randomly selected based on the total number of registered businesses and household population of barangay, participated in a community survey. The results posit that centralization, instead of decentralization, improves organizational efficiency. Nevertheless, decentralization improved consumers’ access to electricity while restructuring improved the cooperative’s access to energy supply. However, decentralization and restructuring are ineffective in lowering electricity rates and in responding to consumer complaints. Despite this, survey shows that the cooperative’s performance significantly improved today than five years ago. This study contributes to the understanding of the national problem on energy and on the effectiveness of institutional reforms.Item Molluscicidal effect of quicklime, CaO on golden snail (Pomacea canaliculata)Baibado, Joewel Tarra (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 1998-03)The golden snail (Pomacea canaliculata) is presently a major pest of rice in lowland and rainfed areas through out the Philippines . The problem of golden snail infestation in rice farming system includes damage to the rice plants, rice yield losses, additional expense, side effects of chemicals and destructive effect on native snails . The study was conducted to evaluate the molluscicidal effect of calcium oxide for the control of golden snails in farmlands and to determine the 96hour LC50 in order to know the lethal concentration of calcium oxide to golden snails. Calcium oxide was found to have a molluscicidal activity on golden snails The golden snails were exposed to different concentrations namely. 100 ppm. 200 ppm. 300 ppm .400 ppm. and 500 ppm Remarkable lethal effects of calcium oxide (p<0.05) has been found in 4(H) and 500 ppm concentrations which has reached 60-100 % after the 96 hour treatment. The 96-hour LC50 within the 95% confidence interval was 322.02 ppm as computed Calcium oxide is safe on rice when used as a molluscicide It performs dual function as fertilizer/soil stabilizer and molluscide. These dual effects are very significant because it means big savings on the part of the rice farmers. Considering the prevalence of this pest, farmers spend much on molluscicides and their application. With calcium oxide, the farmer has a molluscicide and soil stabilizer in one application.Item Partial purification of pH indicator extracted from Rhoeo spathaceaApa, Junna T. (Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2009-04)pH test papers are still utilized nowadays despite the prevalence of pH meters, because it is more convenient to use in measuring the pH of a certain substance. The use of natural dye as a pH indicator can serve as a good substitute for an expensive commercial dye that most high schools cannot afford. The pH test papers were prepared by impregnation of 0.03% pure dye extracted from Rhoeo spathacea. TLC was performed to partially remove other plant dye components from the pH active ingredient. The color transition chart was then created at pH ranging from 1.0-13.0 at one unit interval using phosphate buffer. The color transition chart of pure dye extract was compared to the color transition chart of crude dye extract at different pH. Paper impregnated with 0.03% partially purified indicator dye extracted from Rhoeo spathacea showed color transitions from pink to red violet at pH 1.0-3.0; red violet to lavender at pH 3.0-4.0; lavender to blue at pH 4.0-7.0; blue to blue green at pH 7.0-8.0; blue green to green at pH 8.0-11.0; green to yellow green at pH 11.0-12.0; and yellow green to yellow at pH 12.0-13.0. Results also showed that the purified dye extract is a better pH indicator in comparison with the crude dye extract. Spectrophotometric determination of pKa of the indicator was unsuccessful due to the strong overlapping of the UV-Vis spectrum of the acidic and basic forms of the plant dye extract. Titration results showed that the plant indicator can serve as a substitute for the methyl red and phenolphthalein indicators for strong acid-strong base and weak acid-strong base titration, but not for weak acid-weak base titration.Item Analysis of the lipid content of micro algae species used in Philippine aquaculture for their potential in biodiesel productionFerriols, Victor Marco Emmanuel N. (Institute of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2008-03)This study looked into the proximate lipid content of four micro algal species (Chaetoceros calcitrans, Tetraselmis tetrahele, Nannochloropsis sp., and Chlorella sp) and one macrophyte (Chaetomorpha sp.) commonly used in Philippine aquaculture. Prior to the proximate analysis using the method described by Bligh and Dyer (1959), the four micro algal species were cultured for five days in 1 L vessels fertilized with TMRL enrichment media. Proximate gravimetric analysis showed that the average lipid content of Tetraselmis tetrahele at 24.11% was significantly higher (p < 0.01) when compared to all the algal species tested. Comparing the mean lipid content of all micro algal species against that of the macrophyte also revealed a significantly higher (p < 0.01) lipid content at 17.40%. Growth rates for all the micro algal species over the culture period was also measured, with the highest growth rate exhibited by T. tetrahele at 1.15 divisions per day. Projected estimates for micro algal production yields of oil from a 1-hectare pond at 0.5 m depth were also calculated from the lipid analysis data, a showing that the highest yield of oil (7.29 tons) can be attained by culturing T. tetrahele. This number was higher than estimated reports for oil production from an area of 1 hectare dedicated to either jatropha (1.7 tons) or coconuts (5.0 tons). This makes the culture of micro algal species a potential option for producing feedstock for biodiesel production.