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Undergraduate Theses

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    Geochemical association of Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb in the sediments of Iloilo River estuary
    Arban, John Paul B. (Division of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2005-04)
    The geochemical association of Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb in the sediments of Iloilo River Estuary has been studied using a modified Tessier’s sequential extraction procedure. The results obtained show that most of the metals studied are mostly associated in the residual and organic matter fractions of the sediment samples (Cr: 66.26% - 74.36% in the residual,15.43% - 24.08% in the Fe-Mn oxide fraction, 8.14% - 12.71% in organic matter fraction, and 0.000% - 2.996% in the exchangeable/carbonate fraction; Cu: 39.30% - 46.73% in the residual, 12.00% - 52.18% in the organic fraction, 3.227% - 11.41% in the Fe-Mn fraction, and 0.000% - 17.43% in the exchangeable/carbonate fractions; Ni: 42.75% - 57.02% in the organic matter fraction, 24.93% - 39.33% in the residual, 5.814% - 14.15% in the Fe-Mn fraction, and 5.504% - 13.12% exchangeable/carbonate fraction; and Pb in sample AAA-21: 48.02% in the residual, 38.55% in the organic matter fraction, and 7.33% in the Fe-Mn fraction, and 6.078% in the exchangeable/carbonate fraction). The analysis of the total metal concentrations of the sediment samples taken from Iloilo River are found to be above the reported concentration of uncontaminated sediment except for Pb in sediment sample AAA-21 (Chromium: 102.1 ug/g - 150.5 pg/g; Copper: 62.56 pg/g - 111.7 pg/g; Nickel: 53.40 pg/g - 75.44 pg/g; and Lead in sample AAA-21: 22.21 pg/g). The study shows that about 50% of the total metal concentration in the sediment samples are bioavailable to the aquatic organisms.
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    Chromatographic analysis and antibacterial assay of Avicennia officinalis bark extracts
    Janagap, Steve P. (Division of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2003-04)
    In this study, the antibacterial activity and the chemical constituents of Avicennia officinalis bark were determined. The antibacterial assay showed that the dichloromethane (DCM) fraction at 1000 ug/mL was most effective against the tested bacteria especially to Staphylococcus aureus. It had a microbial index of 0.97 while the positive control, amoxicillin had 1.00. The aqueous fraction did not show antibacterial activity to the organisms tested. A number of chemical constituents were found to be present in the different fractions obtained from Avicennia officinalis bark: alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, saponins and terpenes. These constituents were determined using thin layer chromatography. The DCM fraction which showed the highest bioactivity, had the most number of components while the aqueous fraction had the least number of components. The DCM fraction was subjected to two-dimensional thin layer chromatography. Nine spots were observed with the first solvent system (ethyl acetate-DCM; 5:3) while eleven spots were observed with the second solvent system (ethyl acetate-n-hexane-DCM; 2:1:1).
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    Bioactivity-guided screening of selected plants from UPV Miag-ao campus
    Arceo, Ma. Ofelia H. (Division of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 1998-05)
    Twelve selected ethnomedically-used plants were screened for alkaloids, saponins, and flavonoids. Nine out of twelve plants contained at most two of the phytochemicals tested, and three showed the absence of these phytochemicals. Methanolic extracts of three selected plants (Stachy/arpheta /amaicensis, Hyptis suaveo/ens, Semecarpus philippinensis) were examined for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All extracts were found to be active at least against two of the microorganisms tested. The extract of Siachytarphe/a jamaicensis was found to be active against three out of four microorganisms and found to be the most bioactive. Stachyiarpheta jamaicensis was subjected to bioactivity-guided fractionation using solvents of increasing polarity - hexane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol. The hexane extract was considered as the most bioactive fraction. Its chromatogram contained seven spots in which four turned blue violet after spraying with vanillin-H2SO4. The color change exhibited suggests the possible presence of saponins.
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    Proximate analysis and fatty acid profile of Hyopila rosea Williams and Vesicularia reticulata
    Anuevo, Gwen M. (Division of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2000-07)
    Philippine mosses number about 506 species. Hyophila rosea Williams and Vesicularia reticulata are the two species that are found abundantly in Panay area. Hyophila rosea Williams are medium-sized plants in thin clusters with stems from 1-1.5 cm high. Proximately characterized to contain 17.82% moisture, 5.99% crude protein, 7.69% crude ether extract, 21.42% crude fiber, 18.21% ash, and 46.69% nitrogen-free extract. Fatty acid profiles are composed of twenty-nine (29) analytes, from which twenty (20) were not identified while nine (9) are known, starting from Caproic acid (C1o) to Arachidic (C20). Linoleic, palmitic, and oleic acids are the first three analytes comprising higher percentages. Vesicularia reticulata, on the other hand, are dull, yellowish green, and the main stem is about 5 cm long. Proximately characterized to contain 12.73% moisture, 5.96% crude protein, 9.45% crude ether extract, 21.95% crude fiber, 32.67% ash, and 29.96% nitrogen-free extract. Fatty acid profiles are composed of forty-one (41) analytes, from which thirty-two (32) analytes were not identified, while nine (9) analytes are known starting from C1o to C2o.Linoleic, palmitic and linolenic acids are the first three analytes comprising higher percentages.
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    Toyang Ermitanya and the consumption of Iloilo City proper-based listeners vis a vis Miagao-based listeners
    Abenes, Darren Al B.; Concepcion, Ma. Emilee Anne R.; Paren, Ryan M. (Division of Social Sciences , College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2008-10)
    This study sought to study the following: 1) the consumption of listeners from the two groups of respondents from the urban community which is Iloilo City Proper vis a vis the rural community of Miagao, and 2) the way the listeners perceive such radio drama whether as something which convey issues in the society or as something which is purely entertaining. The researchers used two major steps in data gathering: survey and indepth interviews. One hundred respondents who were listeners of such drama participated, half of which came from both groups of respondents who were Iloilo City Proper-based and Miagao-based. The survey revealed that Iloilo City Proper-based respondents have a higher frequency of exposure to such drama compared Miagao-based respondents. It was also revealed that majority of the respondents from each group of respondents perceived Toyang Ermitanya as entertaining however, majority also claimed that they were also learning lessons and insights from it. Moreover, with the results and data collected and analyzed, the research itself revealed three prevailing forms in the consumption of such radio drama by both groups of listeners. First, Toyang Ermitanya as a medium for emotional release. Second, as a form of enjoyment. And third, Toyang Ermitanya as a medium where one could obtain pieces of information and advice from listening to it.
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    Fecundity and egg quality in two species of siganids (Siganus canaliculatus and Siganus fuscescens) from Lanuza Bay, Surigao del Sur, Philippines
    Anore, Gaguis Anito II T. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2019-06)
    Siganus canaliculatus and Siganus fuscescens are two of the important yet highly exploited siganid aquatic resources in the Philippines. Only few studies for both species, especially for S. fuscescens, are available in the Philippine setting regarding its fecundity and egg quality. This study was conducted to provide information on the fecundity and egg quality of S. canaliculatus and S. fuscescens from Lanuza Bay, Surigao del Sur, Philippines. Fecundity was determined through gravimetric method in individual gonads. Fecundity range was determined to be 54,856 — 279,957 individual oocytes for S. canaliculatus and 7,397 — 563,722 for S. fuscescens. Fecundities of both species exhibited a weak to strong positive correlation to size, with higher correlation coefficient to standard length for S. canaliculatus and body weight for S. fuscescens. On the other hand, egg quality was determined through mean oocyte diameter, with diameters ranging from 176 — 426 ųm for S. canaliculatus and 171 — 500 pm for S. fuscescens. Mean oocyte diameters of both species exhibited weak positive correlation to size, but with a higher correlation coefficient on standard length. Regulating the capture of smaller-sized fishes and allowing them to grow would promote the increase in fecundity and egg quality of the species.
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    Community structure of a ten-year old naturally, regenerating mangrove stand in Baguingin, Tigbauan, Iloilo
    Animas, Ruphil May J. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 1999-04)
    The structure of the mangrove community in Baguingin, Tigbauan was studied using the transect line plot method with seven plots established. Community structure is described in terms of the following parameters: basal area, stems per hectare, relative density, relative frequency, relative dominance, and importance value of the species and the Shannon Index of Diversity. Variations in these parameters are correlated with certain physico-chemical factors-- air and water temperature, soil pH, water salinity, land elevation- and the degree of human influence. Three true mangrove species were found in the area: Excoecaria agallocha, Avicennia marina, and Avicennia alba. A. marina was found to have the highest relative density of 70.8%. relative dominance of 52.35% and importance value of 169.82. A. marina and A. alba have equal relative frequency of 46.67%. Seedlings and saplings of A. marinadominate the area, indicating that the community is a young and regenerating stand. Basal area significantly increased from sea to land ( 53.68 cm2 to 431.66 cm2) and from creek to land ( 8.83 cm2 to 366.54 cm2). Shannon Index of Diversity gave a result of 0. The very low diversity index means that there is uneven distribution of individual trees among the species, and only a few kinds of species were present and are centered around only two genera, Avicennia species and Excoecaria agallocha.
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    Growth of the telescope snail, telescopium telescopium (Linne) in brackishwater ponds
    Apistar, Jobert H. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines, 1998-04)
    Samples of T. telescopium were collected every month, from April to October 1997 for 6 months, in brackishwater ponds. Allometric relationships were defined by comparing shell length with shell width, as well as various body weight proportions including total weight with shell, total volume with shell, visceral weight and visceral volume. A total of 5 cohorts with growth rates ranging from 0.45 - 0.67 mm-day- were observed using the Bhattacharya analysis. A high mean growth rate of 0.56 mm-day- (sd = 0.07, n= 5) was estimated by joining the modes of the cohorts between successive sampling months. Low inverse correlations were observed between mean shell length and various environmental parameters (i.e. salinity, air temperature, water temperature and organic matter content) possibly explained by the species' environmental adaptations. On the other hand significant correlation was observed between mean shell length and density, indicating the possible role of overcrowding in these habitats.
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    A comparison on the effect of light on melanophore differentiation in the larval stage of frog, Hyla sp.
    Araneta, Merrie Celine E. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 1996-03)
    Three set-ups were exposed to different experimental conditions namely: set-up A. under prolonged light: set-up B. under prolonged darkness: set-up C. under normal condition. Observation was done under the dissecting microscope from the first appearance of melanophores until the migration was stabilized. The pattern of differentiation was observed to be the same in all set-ups. only the distribution and the color intensity differred. B was the darkest and C was the lightest. It only showed that light could not, alter the pattern of melanophore differentiation, only the distribution.
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    Optimization of pH, sorbent dose, and contact time in biosorption of Cu, Cd and Pb in sugarcane bagasse in a tri-metal aqueous system
    Abetria, Pauline Grace R. (Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Univsersity of the Philippines Visayas, 2013-04)
    Adsorption is one of the physicochemical treatment processes found to be effective in removing heavy metals from aqueous solutions. The biosorption of Cu, Cd, and Pb in sugarcane bagasse in a tri-metal aqueous system was optimized for pH, sorbent dose, and contact time using Doehlert design and it was found that the optimal values are pH 5, a sorbent dose of 1.33g sorbent/mg metal, a contact time of 4 hours, and the available sites on the sorbent for metal binding were influenced by pH. Furthermore, the effect of initial metal concentration on the metal uptake of the sorbent was also studied and it was found that at increasing metal concentrations the metal uptake also increased at a fixed (optimum) sorbent dose. The sorbent affinity was observed to be increasing in favor of increasing ionic radius, Cu < Cd < Pb, at relatively low metal concentrations and Cd < Cu < Pb at relatively high metal concentrations. Each metal behaved differently on the sorbent. Copper obeyed the Langmuir isotherm whereas cadmium and lead both obeyed the Freundlich isotherm. Finally, the IR spectrum of the sorbent was elucidated and -OH and -COOH groups were present but complexation was absent. Hence, in a tri-metal aqueous system containing Cu, Cd and Pb, the biosorption process in bagasse is proposed to be by physical adsorption.