UPV Theses and Dissertations
Permanent URI for this communityhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14583/10
Browse
8 results
Search Results
Item Cost and return analysis of milkfish operations in different farm sizes in Barotac Nuevo, IloiloBelgira, Gay Nanette (Division of Social Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 1996-07)Milkfish (Chanos chanos) is the most important pond cultured fish specie in the Philippines. Barotac Nuevo, where the study was conducted, is among the most productive in the province of Iloilo in terms of milkfish culture. Cost and Return Analysis of Milkfish Production evaluates the economic performance of 30 milkfish farms in Barotac Nuevo, Iloilo. The economic performance of milkfish farms were assessed using profit, revenue, return on investment, rate of return on operating cost, and payback period. Investment and cost structure were also presented. Comparative analysis was done by farm size namely; small farms (less than 5ha), medium farms (5.01 to 20ha) and large farms (above 20ha). Farm investment increased as farm size increased. The highest yield per hectare per crop was obtained by medium farms (708.86kg) followed by large farms (566.76kg) and small farms (394.16kg). For all farms, economic profit decreased as fann size increased on a per farm basis. Small farms had an economic profit of P7,525.25. Medium farms had P55,157.66 while large farms had P131,575.59. Results showed that variable cost of medium farms(21,056.97) on a per hectare basis was higher than that of the large farms(20,298.67) while fixed cost of all farms on a per hectare basis decreased as farms size increased. Opportunity cost of farms on a per hectare basis decreased as farm size increased. Small farms had the lowest return on investment (14.30%) followed by medium farms (30.68%) and large farms (42.31%). Rate of return on operating cost for small farms was 56.03% while medium farms had 26.53% and large farms had 13.14%. Payback period of all farms decreased as farms size increased. Small farms had 6.99 years, medium farms had 3.29 years and large farms had 2.36 years. From all economic indicators presented, milkfish pond culture remains a profitable business venture in Barotac Nuevo, Iloilo. Small farms were found to be productive due to the close farm supervision devoted by owners themselves, but medium farms were found to be most profitable farm size to operate in milkfish pond culture in Barotac Nuevo, Iloilo. Large farms has lower yield because of the large area it occupies that an operator can hardly check all areas.Item Marketing of milkfish fry in Pandan, AntiqueBayaras, Dinah A. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 1995-03)This study describes and analyses the marketing, channels, functions/practices, costs, margins, and shares received by each marketing channel, net price of milk-fish fry received by fry catchers, and the problems encountered in the marketing of milkfish fry in Pandan, Antique. Using a separate interview schedule for each kind of respondent, 40 fry catchers are asked about their latest catch on a per-day basis, and the ten middlemen were interviewed about their last transaction/s. Results showed that from the fry catchers, the 4,218 milkfish fry are sold to three types of middlemen: the commissionman, wholesaler and facilitative organization. Fifty-nine percent of the milkfish fry go to the facilitative organisation, twenty-three percent to the commissionman, and eighteen percent to the wholesaler. From the three types of middlemen, only 86 7, of what they’ve purchased were sold of the 3,610 milkfish fry sold, 55% of it go to the wholesaler/retailer. Others go outside of the municipality. All of the wholesaler/retailer purchases go outside of the municipality. The pre-sale practices performed by the fry catchers include gathering, counting, sorting, storing, and transporting, while the middlemen perform counting, sorting, storing, packaging, and transporting. In performing the five pre-sale practices by the fry catchers, the cost of P16.95 is incurred. These are all noncash costs. The cost of P4.0012 for the depreciation cost of marketing investment items and the mortality cost of P12.95 - This includes the allowance for mortality given to the buyer as well as the actual deaths of milkfish fry - are the composition of the marketing costs. The net. The price of milkfish fry is P0.24/piece. But 23% of the opportunity cost of labor was forgone. The pre-sale practices performed by each type of middleman involved in the marketing of milkfish fry accumulated a distinct cost for each type. For the commissionman, he has a total of P87,3367 marketing cost. The wholesaler incurred — 117.996, the facilitative organization has P570.4867, and the wholesaler/retailer has Pl,365.7987. The middleman who has the highest net return in terms of percentage of average revenue is the commissionman (70.62%), followed by the wholesaler (69.76%), then the facilitative organization (57.89%), and the smallest is received by the wholesaler/retailer (37.54). followed by the facilitative middleman (P0.21), and then the In terms of gross margin received by each type of middleman, the highest shareholder is the wholesaler /retailer (P0.28), then the wholesaler (PC, 23), and the commissionman (P0.06). The problems of poor transportation facilities, insufficient capital, communications in pricing, excessive mortality rates, and the absence of a buyer are the bottlenecks in the marketing system. These problems produce a bad outcome for the middlemen by increasing their losses.Item Marketing of milkfish in Iloilo CityDe la Gente, Alice Joan S. (Division of Social Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 1991)This study describes the marketing practices, costs, net farm price received by the producers, gross margin received by the middlemen and the problems encountered in milkfish marketing in IIoi1o City. Primary data was gathered from 24 producers who were interviewed about their 1ast harvest and 56 midd1emen who were interviewed about their last week's transaction. Of the total volume sold by the producers (30360kg , 86.83% went to the commission men. The highest price, P55/kg, was received by the producers from the institutional buyer, while the lowest price, p38.48/kg, was received from the commission men. The marketing costs received were P5.40/kg and P5.61/kg by the producers who sold locally and in Manila, respectively. The commission men's fee accounted for the largest share of marketing costs of both the producers who sold locally (P2.36/kg) and in Manila (P2.50/kg). The net farm prices received were P35.30/kg and P33.72/kg by producers who sold milkfish locally and in Manila, respectively. The producers whose milkfish were sold in Manila received a lower average price with higher marketing costs. By market function, seven types of middlemen were identified: commission man, buyer-seller, wholesaler, wholesaler-shipper, buyer-seller-retailer, wholesaler-retailer, and retailer. The middlemen sold a total volume of 57070.5kg inside (64.037%) and outside (35.977%) the survey area. The commission men sold the highest volume (34.71%) of milkfish. The wholesaler-retailers received the highest average selling price of P47.75/kg. The wholesaler-shippers had the highest gross margin ( P8.22/k kg) while the wholesaler—retailers who sold outside the survey area had the highest net return ( P3.97/ kg ) The low price of milkfish was the main problem of both producers and middlemen. The milkfish marketing involved many channels, primarily brought about by the presence of too many types of middlemen who practiced intertrading among each other. Thus, there was a duplication of the performance of marketing practices among types of middlemen, which increased the marketing costs and correspondingly raised the prices of milkfish.Item Some aspects of the reproductive biology of the telescope snail Telescopium telescopium (Linne) in milkfish pondsArboleda, Ianthe Anfone (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 1999-04)Telescopium telescopium, a mudsnail locally known as “bagungon” , is important since at high densities it may become a pest in fish aquaculture ponds. Knowledge of its reproductive biology is necessary in order to properly manage this resource. Thus, this study aimed to 1) describe histologically the different gonadal stages of T. telescopium, 2) determine the reproductive cycle and spawning peaks of the species based on the gonadosomatic index (GSI), and 3) determine the size at sexual maturity of the species in the milkfish ponds. Monthly samples were collected from May 1997 to March 1998 (except for September 1997) from brackishwater milkfish ponds. Shell length and GSI for each snail was measured. The gonads were processed histologically after all sampling activities were concluded. Histological examination showed the following gonadal stages: immature, developing (male and female), ripe (male and female), spawning ( female), and redeveloping ( female). The GSI profile showed no marked fluctuations, indicating partial and continuous spawning. However, the mean monthly GSI values may have been greatly affected by the harvesting of the snails done in the milkfish ponds and the presence of immature gonads with weights that could not be determined using the available balance (weights<0.01 g). The smallest observed mature male had a shell length of 43.32 mm, and the smallest observed mature female had a shell length of 36.42 mm.Item Chemical changes in a limed and flooded acid sulfate fishpondBaylon, Carlos C. (University of the Philippines at Los Baños, 1981-10)Field and laboratory studies were conducted on an acid sulfate soil in Carles, Iloilo with the following objectives: a) to characterize the soils in the pond bottom and along the dikes of an acid sulfate fishpond; b) to follow-up some chemical changes occurring in the flooded acid sulfate ponds, and c) to evaluate the effect of liming on these chemical changes. The pH (1 :1 soil-water) of the air-dried soil samples collected from the pond bottom and along the dikes of the nursery ponds ranged from 2.2 to 4.6. This was significantly correlated with the lime requirement, extractable Al, active Fe and Mn, acetate-soluble sulfate and total sulfur content of the soil. In the field experiment, before lime treatment, the waters of the nursery ponds exhibited decreasing pH with time as well as increasing concentrations of dissolved Al and Fe. The level of Mn in the water was low due to the small amount of active Mn present in the soil. Acidity in the pond waters after a heavy rain was mainly due to the leaching of sulfuric acid from the dikes. Three lime treatments were used in the study: I-lton/ha of lime applied along the dikes and 3 tons/ha on the pond bottom, II - 3 tons/ha of lime on dikes and 1 ton/ha on the pond bottom, III - 4 tons/ha of lime on dikes and no lime on the pond bottom. Treatment II could be considered the most effective way of applying lime since the ponds in this treatment exhibited the highest mean water pH compared to the ponds of the other treatments. Fish mortalities were observed in one of the ponds (NP10 in Treatment III) which may be traceable to the low pH and high Al concentration in the pond water. The applied lime on the dike was not able to control the acidity because it washed down by the rains and covered with eroded soil. The SMP buffer method of determining lime requirement overestimated the lime required to control the acidity of the water in acid sulfate ponds.Item Effects of different levels of Pinus tebulaeformis pollen on growth and stress resistance of milkfish fry (Chanos chanos)Baldove, Analyn B. (University of the Philippines Visayas, 2010-06)The present study investigated the effects of different inclusion levels of pine pollen from Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. on the growth performance and stress resistance of milkfish fry (Chanos chanos). Milkfish fry with average body weight of 0.02 g were stocked in 15 tanks (40 fish per tank). A control diet (without pine pollen) and four experimental diets were prepared containing different levels of pine pollen at 0 g kg-1, 1.3 g kg-1, 2.6 g kg-1, 3.8 g kg-1, and 5.1 g kg-1 was fed to the experimental fish for 60 days. At the termination of the experiment, milkfish were subjected to acute ammonia and high salinity shock test. The result of feeding trial revealed that milkfish fed diets containing different levels of pine pollen stowed significantly higher growth (p < 0.05) in terms of weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and protein efficiency ratio than the control diet. Survival of the milkfish during the trial were not significantly different among treatments (p > 0.05). Survival rates of milkfish groups exposed to high salinity stock test for 72 h were not significantly different from each other (p > 0.05). In contrast, results of the ammonia stress test revealed that the survival rates of milkfish fed with the diets containing (2.6 to 5.1 g kg-1) were significantly higher (p <0 .05) than those fed with diets containing 1.3 g kg-1 and the control diet Optimum dietary PP level was estimated using the quadratic model by using SGR and FCR values and found to be is 2.9 g kg-1 and 3.0 g kg-1, respectively. conclusion, pine pollen can be used as a supplement in milkfish diet to enhance growth and stress resistance against environmental stressors like ammonia.Item Effect of cow and chicken manures on milkfish Chanos chanos (Forsskal) production in brackishwater pondsAduma, Ignatius A. (College of Fisheries, University of the Philippines in the Visayas, 1984-05)A study using chicken and cow manures with basal application rates of 0.5 , 1,2 and 4 tons/ha was conducted. The effect of both manures on some selected physico-chemical properties of the pond soil and water, primary productivity, and milkfish Chanos chanos (Forsskal) yield were compared. Using 8 treatments with 3 replicates each in a completely randomized design, 24 units of 40 m2 ponds were stocked with 20 fingerlings/pond. The fish were cultured from September 22 to December 20, 1983 at the Brackishwater Aquaculture Center of the University of the Philippines in the Visayas College of Fisheries, Leganes, Iloilo, Philippines. The differences among treatments in terms of all physico-chemical parameters monitored were not significant except for the reactive phosphorus. Primary productivity in all treatments was at its peak during the 5th week, after which, it declined gradually apparently due to the combined effects of cloudy weather and low concentration of reactive phosphorus in the pond water. The highest mean net fish yield (680.9 kg/ha) and mean growth rate (1,54 g/day) were obtained in treatment 3 with 1 ton/ha of chicken manure. Treatment 2 (0*5 ton/ha of cow manure) had the lowest mean net fish yield (343.6 kg/ha) and likewise the lowest growth rate (0.80 g/day). The survival in all treatments was high, ranging from 95 to 100%. In general, chicken manure was superior to cow manure, however, fish production from the treatment with 2 tons/ha of cow manure was comparable to that of 2 tons/ha of chicken manure suggesting that cow manure could be used as organic fertilizer in brackish- water ponds for milkfish production.Item Assessment of induced stress as schemes for selectively removing fish with opercular deformities in hatchery produced milkfish (Chanos chanos) seedsCordero, Christian P. (College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2015-06)The effects of different types of induced stress were tested as schemes for the elimination of fish with opercular deformities in hatchery produced milkfish seeds. Salinity and pH were used as the main stressors for milkfish larvae of different ages. Induced salinity stress was initially tested on larvae at 15 days post-hatch (dph) by directly transferring the larvae from its rearing water salinity of 32 ppt to salinities of 10 ppt, 25 ppt, 35 ppt and 45 ppt. Almost all of the larvae subjected to salinity stress dies, hence, it was deemed necessary to examine the influence of handling stress and to determine the age of larvae that could tolerate handling. Larvae of different ages (from 10 dph to 22 dph) were thus subjected to handling stress by collecting them from the mass rearing tank and transferring them to 1000 ml beakers where survival was monitored. Results showed that milkfish larvae were able to withstand handling stress beginning 21 dph. Considering that milkfish fry (21 dph) are already known to tolerate direct transfers to various salinities, the next experiments were focused on pH stress. The suitability reduced or increased pH as stressors were initially tested by directly transferring larvae from normal seawater (pH 7.50) to acidic water (pH 6.5-7.0) and basic seawater (pH 8.0-8.5). Results revealed several advantages of reducing pH levels over increasing pH levels, which included the comparably higher larval survival, the lesser amount of chemicals required to change pH levels and the corresponding cost of these chemicals. A range finding test was then conducted to determine the optimum pH that could selectively remove fry with opercular deformities by directly transferring fry reared in normal seawater (pH 7.50) to seawater with reduced pH: Trt 1-pH 6.5; Trt 2-pH 6.6; Trt 3-pH 6.7; and Trt 4-6.8. Larval mortalities were recorded after 1 h, then 25% water change was done for all treatments which were monitored further for mortalities after 2h, 3h, 5h, and 24h. The surviving larvae from all the treatments were reared further for 18 days (until 40 dph) in order to monitor opercular deformities which can observed only when the larvae have metamorphosed into juveniles. Results showed that a sudden drop in pH of normal seawater to pH 6.5-6.7 selectively removed all the fish with opercular deformities in hatchery produced milkfish seeds; at such pH range, more than 90% survival of milkfish fry was obtained with this batch of larvae and all the surviving fish had no opercular deformities.