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    Abundance, composition and vertical distribution of calanoid copepods in Central Sulu sea
    Burgos, Lora A. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2018-06)
    Calanoid copepods are dominant component of the copepod community, which in turn highlights their influence on the overall zooplankton assemblage of the water column. Studying their abundance and distribution, is important on understanding their role in the dynamics of commercially important organism like the fish. Calanoid samples in study, were part of the zooplankton samples taken during the Joint PhilEx oceanographic cruise on board RAZ Melville in December 2007 in the Central Sulu Sea from MOCNESS station 29. Calanoid abundance, composition and distribution were investigated. Fifteen (15) calanoid families were identified all throughout the water column (0 - 400 m). The calanoid assemblage was dominated by 27 % Eucalanidae, 12 % Rhincalanidae, Scolecitrichidae with 7 % and other families contributing to roughly 19 % of the total. The water column was divided into 2 distinct depth cluster based on species distributions; (1) layers above thermocline (0 - 150m) and (2) deeper layers (200 - 400m). Furthermore, upper layers were characterized by distinctive calanoid family assemblage which includes; Calanidae, Euchaetidae, Eucalanidae, Candaciidae, Rhincalanidae, and Temoridae. While deeper layers, calanoid families includes; Metridinidae, Scolecitrichidae, Rhincalanidae, and Euchaetidae. ANOSIM results showed significant differences between these depth clusters, with global R = 0.81 and p = 0.01. These appear to be highly related to the thermocline in both stations, where typically higher upper-layer primary productivity can support dense communities of zooplankton.
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    The adsorption capacity of silica gel and rice hull ash on phenol and aniline
    Bulatao, Ben Fermin P. (Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2011-04)
    Chemical waste has been a problem here in the University of the Philippines Visayas, Miagao, Iloilo. Various methods of removal have been utilized. Extraction of silica gel from rice hull and rice hull ash was used to remove organic compounds (phenol and aniline). In this study, silica gel and rice hull ash adsorption on phenol and aniline were investigated with varying contact time and initial concentration. Silica gel reaches its optimum adsorption of both phenol and aniline at 60 minutes contact time. Silica gel was the basis for rice hull ash’s contact time because rice hull ash is 90% by weight silica gel.. Silica gel-phenol system decreases it adsorption capacity as the initial concentration is increased from 25 ppm to 100 ppm. Rice hull ash- phenol system, on the other hand, shows that the adsorption capacity increases as the initial concentration is increased. Both on silica gel-aniline system and rice hull ash- aniline system have increasing adsorption as initial concentration is increased. As the contact time is increased, adsorption increases only until it reaches its optimum adsorption which is 60 minutes contact time where saturation is reached. Increasing initial concentration however has different effect on adsorption on all system explained by the adsorption isotherms. The isotherms show that phenol has the fastest rate to form a monolayer (K and Q°) with the greatest binding strength (b) on silica gel. It is also observed that phenol and aniline formed a monolayer (1/n) on the surface of the silica gel and rice hull ash.
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    Antifungal activities of alginate films incorporated with lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil on sliced bread
    Bronzal, Lucile A. (Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2018-06)
    The accumulation of non-degradable and non-recyclable waste materials leads researches to venture on biopolymer films which have been regarded as the promising green substitutes of non-biodegradable plastic materials. However, food products can be subjected to contamination by bacteria and fungi. The addition of plant derived essential oil can control microbial contamination of foods by reducing the growth rate of target microorganisms or by inactivating microorganisms by direct or indirect contact. Incorporating antimicrobial compounds into films provides a different way to improve the safety of ready-to-eat foods. In this study, the efficiency of synthesized alginate films incorporated with lemon grass essential oil (LGEO) for antifungal activity on white bread was evaluated. Two sets of film were prepared the (1) LGEO - Ethanol incorporated films and (2) LGEO — β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex films via solution casting method. Furthermore, the FTIR analysis of the generated films was also assessed to identify the functional groups present in the film that facilitates its antifungal property. Experimental results showed that LGEO enhanced the antifungal properties in the films and significantly slowed down the propagation of fungi on white sliced bread. After two weeks of storage, all bread samples packed with various film samples showed fungal growth. It was found out that citral is the main component of essential oil which contributes to the inhibition of fungal growth. The incorporation of LGEO in the film decreased the O-H peak absorbance while the inclusion complex in the film increases the O-H peak absorbance and broad O-H peaks were also obtained.
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    The effect of different levels of salinity on the spanning of ablated mudcrab Scylla serrata
    Bueno, Jesse L. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 1994-04)
    Four salinity treatments with salinity levels of 15 ppt, 25 ppt, 35 ppt and 45 ppt with six replicates per treatment were utilized to determine its effect on the spawning of sexually mature bilaterally ablated mud crab Scylla serrata. The crabs range in weight from 250 grams to 580 grams and carapace width from 12.5 cm. to 16.5 cm. The results of the study showed significant difference (P<0.05) in the number of days when spawning occurred. The shortest duration when spawning occurred was at 25 ppt salinity with a mean value of 9.5 days. This was followed by 35 ppt and 15 ppt salinities with mean values of 15.69 days and 19.83 days respectively. Highest number of days when spawning occurred was at 45 ppt salinity at 24 days. All crabs died 2-3 days after spawning.
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    Extraction of humic substances from vermicompost and application as component matrix for slow-release fertilizers
    Boloron, Nina Loren R. (Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2018-06)
    Humic acid was extracted from vermicomposts (hereafter referred as VCHAs) by alkali/acid fractionation and their concentration were determined to be 54.79 (± 0.25) g HS/kg vermicompost in average. The extracted humic substances from vermicomposts were also determined to contain an average K+ of 0.0671 (± 0.0053) g K/kg vermicompost. The Fourier transform infrared spectra of crude VCHSs show similar spectral features with humic acids extracted from vermicomposted materials. The VCHSs were complex with K nutrient and encapsulated in cross-linked Ca-alginate to form vermicompost humic substance — potassium slow-release fertilizer bead (VCHS-K SRF). The synthesized VCHS-K SRF were subjected to total nutrient analysis, swelling kinetics, and slow release test to evaluate the role of nutrient compositions on its capability and capacity as slow- release fertilizer. Results for total nutrient analysis show that with an increase in nutrient loading, encapsulation efficiency is low and nutrient concentration is low. These findings imply that at neutral pH of HS solution, binding sites are saturated with Na+, therefore with having the same affinity as K+ , minimal ion exchange took place and it became difficult for K+ to bind to the HS complex. It also suggests that the amount of polymer coating and the degree of crosslinking were not sufficient to hold all nutrients. Discrepancies on the amount of released K+ was also observed on the release profile as a product of errors on acid digestion and matrix effect, this lead to elevated amounts of release by the VCHS-K SRF. The result of the release behavior profile of VCHS-K SRF shows that with an increase in enriched nutrient load, the release rate is faster. The results on the release profile of the VCHS-K SRF exhibited a parabolic and burst release. This finding in relation to the observed fluctuations on the absorbency pattern suggests that internal pressure build-up on the polymer matrix caused abrasions on the surface of the polymer coating resulting to the instantaneous release of nutrient and absorbed water. Overall, the VCHS-K SRF cannot be classified as a slow-release fertilizer. The present findings suggest the need for further improvement on the study of VCHS-K SRF from vermicompost.
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    A quantitative and qualitative analyses of phytoplankton in Lamentao, Barotac Nuevo, Iloilo
    Boglosa, Jescel B. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2000-03)
    The study was conducted to identify the different genera of phytoplankton in Lamentao, Barotac Nuevo, to determine the distribution and composition of phytoplankton both near shore and offshore and to determine the physico-chemical characteristics in both sampling sites. The samples were obtained near shore (10m) and offshore (15m) for 10 minutes. Towing was done at 12 noon for 200 m. Sampling was done once a month for three consecutive months starting October to December. Each sample was allowed to stand for at least 24 hours. Then these were decanted to have a concentrated sample. Then 1ml sample was introduced in a sedge wick counting chamber for identification and counting under the microscope. The study gave the following findings: There are 32 genera identified in the surface water of Lamentao. Offshore has a higher abundance than the near shore. There are some genera that significantly differ in 2 sampling area shown by the t-test. Density offshore were generally significantly higher than density nearshore. Relative abundance, Leucosolenia sp. and Rhizosolenia sp. have the higher one. There is a higher diversity in off shore than in near shore. Most of the genera is present in both sites and month as shown by the index of similarity.
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    Meiofaunal assemblages in the mangrove habitat in Taklong Island, Nueva Valencia, Guimaras
    Bocoran, Mary Grace G. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 1999-03)
    Meiofauna are metazoans that can pass through a sieve with a mesh of 0.5mm but retained in a mesh of 0.063mm sieve. These organism are interesting to benthic scientist due to its capacity to determine the extent of pollution in the area and its role in the food web of an ecosystem. This study aims (1) to come up with a list of meiofaunal species present in the mangrove substratum, (2) to determine its density and abundance, and (3) to describe the meiofaunal environment in terms of temperature, salinity , pH, and oxygen content. The study was conducted in the mangrove habitat in Taklong Island Guimaras in February 1997. Thirty core samples were collected with a modified PVC core ( diameter=2.0 cm, length=15cm) from 3 areas: seaward, middle, and landward portions of the mangrove. There were eight broad groupings of meiofauna considered: nematodes, copepods, malacostracans, polychaetes, gastrotrichs, kinorhynchs, sipunculids, and others (including forams). The nematodes, of which there were 2 species observed, were the most abundant and comprised 42.14%. The copepods had 3 species observed and comprised 31.05%, 2 species of polychaetes comprised 5.04%,2species of gastrotrychs comprised 3.86% and malacostracans were 6.66%, kinorhynchs were 3.26%, and sipunculids were 0.89%. Unidentified organism which included foraminiferans, were 8.01 %. Range of meiofaunal density (number of individuals per cm'3 ) in three transects were 0.0042-0.1549 in the seaward area,0.0085-0.0785 in the middle area and 0.0021-0.0679 in the landward area. The nematodes had the highest density, and the sipunculids had the lowest density from the seaward to the landward area.
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    Photodegradation of methylene blue in aqueous media using TIO2 -based heterogeneous photocatalysts under natural light
    Bernido, Julidyn P. (Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2015-06)
    This study developed two heterogeneous TiO2-based photocatalysts: pure TiO2 and Fe-doped TiO2 (Fe-TiO2). Heterogeneous catalysts were prepared by coating TiO2 and Fe-TiO2 powder on glass beads. The photocatalytic activity of both heterogeneous photocatalysts were studied by photodegradation of methylene blue in aqueous solution under two pH conditions (6 and 9) and two ionic concentration conditions (0 and 38 ppt). The Fe-TiO2 powder contained minimal amount (2.245%) of Fe as expected. However, surface functionality and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) profile of both TiO2 and Fe-TiO2 powder were very similar indicating that doping did not alter these properties. Between the two heterogeneous catalysts prepared, the amount of Fe-TiO2 catalyst coated on glass beads was lower compared to pure TiO2. The removal of methylene blue was significantly affected by ionic concentration which removal is higher at lower ionic concentration (0 ppt). Although it appeared that the removal of methylene blue was higher at pH 9, statistical analyses revealed that the effect was not significant. In addition, the removal of methylene blue by the two catalysts were significantly different. Heterogeneous photocatalyst based on pure TiO2 showed higher removal of methylene blue in all pH and ionic concentration. Moreover, no interactive effects between variables were observed. Lastly, the blank showed no significant difference on the removal of methylene blue with the heterogeneous photocatalysts which suggest that degradation by direct photolysis from sunlight could be the reason for this result.
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    Fecundity and Oocyte size in the flyingfish (Cheilopogon arcticeps) from Lanuza Bay, Surigao Del Sur
    Belaza, Yeuclaire Dorothy M. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2018-06)
    The relationship of fecundity and oocyte diameter to body size and other reproductive aspects of the flying fish, Cheilopogon arcticeps in Lanuza Bay were investigated in this study. Gravimetric method or weight method was used in order to estimate the fecundity of 35 mature female C.arcticeps ranging from 17.8-23.6 cm standard length. Total fecundity of C.arcticeps ranged from 1,126 - 41,684 while its oocyte diameter ranged from 0.8 -3.6 mm. The relationship of fecundity to standard length (SL) showed variable results and poor correlation. This may be indicative of a unique reproductive strategy of this species. Egg size to standard length showed an increasing trend but a weak correlation. In general smaller egg diameters were observed in smaller size class SL and bigger egg diameters appear in larger SL. The relationship of fecundity to gonad weight showed a positive linear correlation and increasing data .Thus as gonad weight increases, fecundity increases too. The correlation between fecundity and total length shows a weak relationship, however the correlation between fecundity and gonad weight show a stronger relationship. The present study aim to exhibit additional information on the rare documentation of flyingfish in the country.
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    Community structure of riverine mangrove stand in Brgy. Talokgangan, Municipality of Banate, Iloilo Province
    Belaño, Keith Dominador L. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2001-04)
    The community structure of riverine mangrove stand in Brgy. Talokgangan, Municipality of Banate, Iloilo was studied. Ten “true” mangrove species representing seven families were encountered in the “mangals” of Balandra creek community in Brgy. Talokgangan. They were Avicennia marina, Avicennia lanata and Avicennia alba representing Family Avicenniaceae; Rhizophora apiculata and Rhizophora mucronata under Family Rhizophoraceae; Sonneratia alba of the Family Sonneratiaceae; Excoecaria agallocha under Family Euphorbiaceae; Camptostemon philippinense of the Family Bombacaceae; one from the Family Meliaceae namely Xylocarpus granatum, and Family Palmae represented by Nypa fruticans. Stand Basal Area was computed highest in Station 1 with 10.22 m2/ha. Station 1 was also the densest among the four stations with a density value of 2533 trees/ha. In terms of data evaluated per zone, the landward zone has a Stand Basal Area of 10.87 m2/ha which is slightly higher than the middle and riverward zones. The middle zone, however, was found to be the densest with 1850 trees/ha. The most dominant station was Station 1 with the highest Index of Dominance of 0.3319, however, was found to be the least diverse station. The highest Index of Diversity was computed in Stations 2 and 3, with diversity indices of 0.8976 and 0.8989 respectively. Avicennia marina was found common in all stations and the most dominant, making it the most important mangrove species. They were found to occupy the whole site, growing abundantly in wide range of conditions from areas frequently inundated by tidal flow in Station 1 to the firmer muddy substratum in the back mangrove areas. Rhizophora apiculata and Rhizophora mucronata was observed to occupy waterlogged soil conditions. Excoecaria agaliocha tend to flourish in firmer muddy substratum in open sites, whereas, Xylocarpus granatum was observed to occupy zones where salinity is lowest in areas rarely affected by tidal flow. Sonneratia alba and Camptostemon philippinense tend to grow in zones directly inundated by tidal flow.