Undergraduate Theses
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Item Effects of alginate coating loaded with lemongrass essential oil-cyclodextrin inclusion complex on the postharvest quality of calamansi(Citrus microcarpa)Astorga, Krizzia Anne B. (Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2018-06)Calamansi (Citrus microcarpa) is locally grown in the Philippines and is considered to be an important commodity because of its wide range of uses. Losses of this fruit in the country already reached up to 30% because of postharvest degradation. To address this problem, three coating treatments (1% alginate, 1% alginate loaded with lemongrass essential oil-B-cyclodextrin inclusion complex, and 1% alginate loaded with lemongrass essential oil-hp-B-cyclodextrin inclusion complex) were made for the purpose of examining their potential in the preservation of the postharvest quality of calamansi. Quality parameters such as color and weight loss of calamansi, as well as pH, FTIR spectra, total soluble solids, and titratable acidity of the fruit juice were evaluated in a span of 15 days at room temperature storage. Results show that the prepared edible coatings did not significantly preserve the postharvest quality of calamansi (p > 0.05) as coated samples resulted to earlier appearances of yellow and brown peel color, higher weight loss percentages, pH, and total soluble solids content. Out of the three coating treatments, fruit samples coated with 1% alginate resulted to lower weight loss percentages, pH, TSS, and TA. Fruit samples coated with 1% alginate loaded with lemongrass essential oil-hp-B-cyclodextrin inclusion complex resulted to the highest pH, TSS, and TA, while those coated with 1% alginate loaded with lemongrass essential oil-B-cyclodextrin inclusion complex resulted to the highest weight loss percentages. Data on the titratable acidity weren’t conclusive since the results obtained were not in agreement to the expected outcome. The ineffectiveness of the coatings may be a result of unfavorable storage conditions and incompatibility of the coating materials or formulations on the calamansi.Item A benchmark survey on the cyanide and protein content in the leaves and roots of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in IloiloBacolod, Hanny Joy C. (Division of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2006-04)The cyanide and protein content of the roots and the leaves of the cassava samples were determined. Samples were taken from five locations, namely, Mambatad, Miagao; Poblacion, Lambunao; Ambarihon, Tubungan; Naclub, Miagao; and Calampitao, Miagao. This study shows the levels of cyanide and protein in the roots and leaves of the cassava samples from the five selected locations in the province of Iloilo only. It does not establish any concrete conclusion on the cyanide and protein content of the cassava in Iloilo. Based on the results, the amount of cyanide varies among parts of the plant with an average of 229 ppm in the leaves and 100 ppm in the roots. It also varies among varieties in the same location, the white root variety having 125 ppm cyanide in the roots and 202 ppm in the leaves, while the yellow root variety has an average of 58.2 ppm cyanide in the roots and 263 ppm in the leaves. Different locations also have different levels of cyanide. Cyanide content also decreases in the roots as the period of storage is prolonged. The level of cyanide in the white root variety from Lambunao decreased by 17.1% on the 2nd day and 61.5% on the 3rd day, while the yellow root variety, also from Lambunao, decreased by only 4.3% on the 2nd day and 30.1% on the third day. Total soluble protein in the leaves (0.12%) of the samples is higher than in the roots (0.11%) . Among the roots, the amount of protein varies. It was found out that there is a significant correlation (0.750 at 0.05 level) between the amount of protein in the roots and that in the leaves of the samples.Item Cytotoxicity and anti-vibriotic activity of Noni as an ethnobotanicalArrojo, Marley C. (Division of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2005-12)The crude methanolic extract of Acacia, Alibutbut, Bayabas, Biab, Botolan, Bulobitu-un, Buyo, Kamunsil, Kasla, Kayos, Langka-langka, Noni, Pasaw, Sampaguita, Tabong, Talisay, Yellow bell, were bioassayed for their cytotoxicity using brine shrimp nauplii assay. Among the plant extracts, Noni gave the highest LCso equal to 943.329 pg/mL. Noni was the least toxic among the plants tested and its crude methanolic extract was found to have activity against V. harveyi with an anti-vibriotic index of 0.256. Sequential extraction using solvents with increasing polarity gave fractions that exhibited anti-vibriotic property but the more polar ethyl acetate fraction gave the highest anti-vibriotic index of 0.513. It appears that the anti-vibrio constituent is polar. Using VLC, the ethyl acetate fraction was further separated into eighteen fractions which were in turn pooled into five fractions, Fa, Fb, Fc, Fd, and Fe based on their TLC profile. Anti-vibriotic activity of each fraction was determined. Fraction Fa has the highest anti-vibriotic index (0.192) but this is much lower than 0.513. There must be some synergy among the polar constituents that exhibited a higher anti-vibriotic index in the ethyl acetate fraction compared to fraction Fa. Based on several color reactions, ethyl acetate fraction may contain any of the following plant metabolites such as tannins, saponins, phenolic groups, conjugated double bonds, flavonoids, sterols, terpenes, except alkaloids.Item Fourier transform -infrared-attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy in conjunction with the principal component analysis and agglomerative hierarchical clustering to classify virgin coconut oil and other edible oilsAloba, Eugene J. (Division of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2006-04)This work investigates the potential of Fourier Transform Infrared-Attenuated Total Reflectance (FTIR-ATR) Spectroscopy in conjunction with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC) to classify virgin coconut oil (VCO) from other different edible oils in the test set. Among the PCA types, Pearson produced the best biplot graphs that showed both the separation of VCO and coconut oil (only in one group) from other oils, and the separation of VCO and coconut oil (CCO) into two distinct groups using the fingerprint region of the spectra. Kendall dissimilarity/Ward’s method successfully clustered VCO and CCO as separate classes using the same region of the spectra. These results showed that the highest percent variability in the spectra of different oils occurs in the fingerprint region, and hence where spectroscopic classification of oils can be performed best.Item Sodium and potassium concentration ratio in mangrove leaves as sublethal indicator of oil stress in mangrove trees, Taklong Island National Marine Reserve (TINMAR), Nueva Valencia, GuimarasAlianza, Carmen Gabrielle H. (Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2009-04)This study is in the second year of the five-year research that was assigned to UPV to monitor the effects of the oil spill in TINMAR. This research primarily focuses on the Sodium and Potassium ion concentration ratios in the leaves of the mangroves which will be used as sub-lethal indicators of oil stress in the mangrove trees. Specifically, this study determined the total amount of Sodium and Potassium ions present in the mangrove leaves using Flame-Atomic Absorption Spectrometer, compared the Potassium and Sodium ion concentrations among the different species and between sampling sites and determined the sensitivity of the species based on the changes in Na/K ratio. Results showed that the total Sodium concentrations were within the values under normal conditions except for Rhizophora apiculata and Rhizophora mucronata and the total Potassium concentrations were also within the values under normal conditions except for the Sonneratia alba species in Bagatnan. The Na/K ratio determined the sensitivity of the mangrove species studied to oils stress. A lower ratio of Na/K compared to the control area means that the mangroves trees were able to cope up with stress and an elevated Na/K ratio means the mangrove trees are still undergoing stress. The Control area, however, have elevated Na/K ratio because of high Sodium concentrations and very low concentrations of Potassium in the plant leaves tissues.Item A preliminary investigation of the antibacterial activity of the alkaloidal constituent of Hyptis suaveolens Poit (Family Labiatae)Alcayde, Glenn G. (Division of Physical Sciences & Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 1999-03)This study determined the effectiveness of the alkaloidal constituent on the leaves ofHyptis suaveolens against the four bacteria namely S. aureus, B. subtil is E. coli, and P. aeruginosa, and two fungi namely C. albicans and S. cerevisae. The alkaloidal constituent was first detected using the Culvenor-Fitzgerald method. It was then separated in the form of an alkaloidal residue. The residue was separated further using column chromatography. This process resulted in three fraction isolates.These three fraction isolates were purified and determined their physical properties. Finally, each fraction isolate was prepared into three concentrations, 100%, 50%, and 25%. The isolates of three concentrations were then tested on six microorganisms and growth of inhibition was measured. Results showed that the three fraction isolates in three different concentrations exhibited no antibacterial and antifungal effectItem Phytochemical, antioxidant, and antibacterial analysis of essential oils from Zingiber officinale Roscoe(Ginger) and Curcuma long Linn.(Turmeric)Alviar, Joseph Noel G. (Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2015-06)This study was conducted to characterize and compare the phytochemistry, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of essential oils extracted from the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (ginger) and Curcuma longa Linn. (turmeric). Percent yields in the steam distillation of ginger and turmeric were 0.42±0.02% and 0.43± 0.02%, respectively. Qualitative phytochemical screening showed that both essential oils are positive for flavonoids, phenols, saponins, terpenoids, tannins, and quinones. Antibacterial activity was tested against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli using 100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% (v/v) essential oil in ethanol with positive control tetracycline and negative control ethanol. It was determined that C. longa did not have antibacterial activity against both bacteria while Z. officinale had “moderately inhibitory” to “strongly inhibitory” activity against S. aureus with zone of inhibition (ZOI) from 17.67±1.53 mm to 23.67±0.58 mm and “weakly inhibitory” to “moderately inhibitory” activity against E. coli (ZOI from 12.33±1.15 mm to 15.67±2.08 mm). The standard antibiotic tetracycline also showed “moderately inhibitory” activity against both S. aureus (ZOl = 19.00±0.89 mm) and E. coli (ZOI = 17.33±1.21 mm). Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH free radical inhibition. Highest % DPPH free radical inhibition was exhibited by the standard antioxidant ascorbic acid (92.98%), followed by C. longa essential oil (88.74%), and Z. officinale (76.30%).Item Heavy metal concentrations in sediments from Batan Bay and its tributariesAndrada, Mary Royce D. (Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2014-04)The concentration of three heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu) in sediments from Batan Bay and its tributaries were determined in order to assess the degree of contamination of sediments in the said area. The samples were digested following the Method 3050B of US Environmental Protection Program (EPA, 1996). The heavy metal concentrations were determined using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (FAAS). Results show that the heavy metal concentrations ranged from n.d. - 2.57 mg/kg dry weight (dw) for Cd; 16.44-143.02 mg/kg dw for Cu; and 3.18-28.53 mg/kg dw for Pb. Sediment sample collected from BTN #10 has the highest Cd concentration while sediment sample collected from BTN 052 which is a rice field in Batan, Aklan registered the highest Pb and Cu concentrations. Three sediment quality guidelines (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Canadian Sediment Quality Guideline and Hong Kong Sediment Quality Guideline) were employed to assess the metal contamination in sediments. The concentrations of Cd and Pb in all sites did not exceed the maximum permissible limits set by the three guidelines. As for Cu, BTN 052 exceeded the Upper Chemical Exceedance Level set by Hong Kong SQG. Correlation analysis showed that there is a significant correlation (p <0.01) between Pb and Cu indicating possible similar source input. Special attention must be given to BTN 052 since the levels of the studied heavy metals are high in this area. The results can be used as basis for the pollution level of sediments from Batan Bay and its tributaries. Special consideration should be given to BTN 052 since all of the test metals are significantly high in this area. It is also suggested to in identify the primary sources of metal contamination in this area.Item Anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities of Batuan (Garcinia binucao) fruitsAlbano, Zella Faye (Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2010)In this study, fresh fruits of batuan (Garcinia binucao) was evaluated for its antiinflammatory and antibacterial activities. The anti-inflammatory assay using Carrageenan-Induced Paw Edema Method showed that n-hexane extracts (65.79%) and dichloromethane extracts (64.91%) exhibited anti-inflammatory activities comparable to Indomethacin, the positive control (67.11%). The antibacterial assay using Paper Disk Diffusion Method showed that crude methanolic extracts, n-hexane extracts and dichloromethane extracts at 1000pg/mL were most effective against Staphylococcus aureus. The microbial indexes were 0.39, 0.47 and 0.50 respectively. The positive control, Amoxicillin has a 3.39 microbial index. The components of the three most active extracts (crude methanolic, n-hexane and DCM extracts) from both assays were separated through Thin Layer Chromatography and subjected to phytochemical tests. Crude methanolic extracts contained alkaloids, phenolic compounds and cardiac glycosides. Both n-hexane and DCM extracts contained terpenes, alkaloids, saponins, phenolic compounds and cardiac glycosides. These bioactive compounds present may have been responsible for the antiinflammatory and antibacterial activities of the extracts.Item Acetone -precipitated proteins in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) tubers : Isolation and partial purificationAlbacete, Rose Margaret F. (Division of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2006-04)Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a low-protein starchy staple. In some countries, such as South Africa, cassava bread serves as the major, if not the only, food consumed for a long period of time. This diet causes a disease called protein-energy malnutrition. The total soluble proteins in cassava tubers were extracted using 200 mM Tris- HC1 pH 8.2. Protein fractions were precipitated out at different proportions using acetone (1:1, 1:2, 1:3 crude extract: acetone ratio). Bradford Standard Assay showed that 1:1 crude protein-acetone contained the most amount protein (1.02 x ₋ g/mL protein). This sample and the dialyzed crude sample were both run in gel filtration column in which the eluted fractions generated two peaks each. The highest concentration of the purified protein was 2.67 x 10 5 g/mL protein. The pooled fractions, which made up the peak, were run in SDS-PAGE which revealed bands with molecular weights of 40, 66, 87 and 116 kDa comprised the crude sample (not dialyzed), while the dialyzed sample contained bands with molecular weights of 76 and 87 kDa. The number of proteins decreased after gel filtration.