Undergraduate Theses
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Item Utilization of morphometric and meristic characteristics to identify cultured Tilapias (Oreochromis spp.)Caipang, Christina Joy Rossetti A. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 1995-03)Meristic characters (DSC, DFRC, AFRO, CFBC and GRC) and morphometric characters (SL, HL, BD, CD and IOW) were utilized to identify five small-sized, with standard lengths ranging from 55- 100 mm., and five big-sized tilapia populations, with standard lengths ranging from 110-195 mm., of forty samples each. Dorsal spine count (DSC) is the least variable while the caudal fin bar count (CFBC) is the most variable meristic character in the tilapia species studied. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that all meristic characters have highly significant differences (p<0.01) among the big-sized tilapias; while in the small-sized tilapias all have highly significant differences (p<0.01) except in caudal fin bar count which was not significantly different (p>0.05). Data on morphometric characters were log-transformed and the four other characters (HL, BD, CD and IOW) were divided by the standard length (SL) to eliminate the effect of size. ANOVA showed that all morphometric characters have highly significant differences (p<0.01) in the big-sized group. Likewise, in the small-sized tilapia species, all morphometric characters have highly significant differences (pU.O5). The study also confirmed that tilapia species studied are morphometrically and meristically distinct.Item Community structure of superfamily trochoidea (Mollusca Gastropoda) in coral reef sites in Taklong Island National Marine Reserve, GuimarasCagampang, Ma. Thrysky Kharmylle A. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2018-06)Mollusks are considered to be one of the most diverse animal groups. These are widely distributed in tropical areas such as the Philippines. One of the most diverse classes of Phylum Mollusca is Class Gastropoda. It is comprised of more than 65, 000 species. Superfamily Trochoidea is considered to be its largest superfamily with more than 2000 species. Guimaras is a province here in the Philippines. There are a variety of islands that can be found in Guimaras. One of this is Taklong Island located in the municipality of Nueva Valencia. This study describes the community structure of Superfamily Trochoidea in three selected reef flat sampling sites namely, Talisay, Kalirohan, and Banago in Taklong Island National Marine Reserve (TINMR). Plot metlrod was used in this study. There was a total of 369 gastropod individuals collected but only 242 were alive. Live samples belonged to 12 families including 2 families of Super Family Trochoidea, namely, Trochidae and Turbinidae. There were 8 species identified that belonged to these 2 families of Superfamily Trochidea. Under family Trochidae, was 1 species, Tectus fenestratus; under family Turbinidae were three species, namely, Astralium calcar, Astralium provisorium and Turbo argyrostomus. Dead species of Family Trochidae include Trochus conus, Trochus hanleyanus, Trochus sp. and Trochus maculatus. In general, Astralium calcar was found to be the most abundant among all live species. The low diversity of trochoids reported in this study could be an underestimate due to sampling design. Most species of Superfamily Trochoidea, especially the topshells, are nocturnal while this study was conducted at daytime. In general, the gastropod community in TINMR proved to be rich and diverse.Item Toxicity of the aqueous leaf extract of datilis (Muntingia calabura) on the fry and fingerling of Oreochromis niloticusCagampang, Ma. Hazel C. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 1994-08)A 96-hour static bioassay on the effects datilis (Muntingia calabura) leaf extract on the fry and fingerlings of Oreochromis niloticus was conducted to determine the Average Median Lethal Concentration (LC50) of datilis (Muntingia calabura) leaf extract on the fry and fingerlings of Oreochromis niloticus and to describe the behavioral responses of the fish to the extract. The assay consisted of six treatments: 0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 ppm concentrations of the extract. Physico-chemical conditions (e.g. temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, nitrite, and hardness level of water) were monitored. Results showed that the average LC50 at the 12, and 24- hour period of the extract in fingerlings (128.61 and 92.37 ppm) were significantly higher (P<0.05) than in the fry (65.45, and 60,99) respectively. Mortality was higher at higher concentrations than at lower concentrations of the extract. Highest mortality was in 200 ppm followed by 100 ppm, then 50 ppm. No death occurred in 0, 12.5 and 25 ppm concentrations of the extract. Mortality was also significantly higher (P<0.05) in fingerlings than in fry. The fish, exhibited avoidance - response reaction and loss of equilibrium. Possibly, the death and unusual behavior manifested by the fish may be due to saponins present in the extract. Physico—chemical conditions were within the tolerable range for the fish hence, these may not have contributed to the death of fish. This study provides preliminary data on the toxic effects of the aqueous leaf extract of datilis on the fry and fingerlings of ?Oreochromis niloticus.Item Embryonic development and hatching rate of grouper (Epinephelus suillus) eggs incubated at different stocking densitiesBofill, Aileen B. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 1992-04)Fertilized eggs of the grouper Epinephelus suillus were obtained from natural spawning of broodstock reared in a 50—t concrete tank at the Aquaculture Department of the Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, Tigbauan, Iloilo. The development of eggs incubated at three different stocking densities (50, 1OO, and 150 eggs/1) were monitored. Hatching rates in the different treatments were also determined. Fertilized eggs were floating, non—adhesive, transparent, and spherical in shape with a mean diameter range of 0.83 — 0.84 mm. The yolk was colorless, transparent, and possessed a single oil globule of 0.22 mm in diameter. The eggs have developed into the 2—cell stage 45 min after stocking. Eggs incubated at 1OO eggs/1 hatched 24 h after stocking, while hatching occurred after 27 h and 5 min at 50 eggs/1. No hatching was observed at 150 eggs/1 stocking density even after 28 h post—stocking. Water temperature and salinity during the experiment were 27 ° C and IB ppt, respectively.Item Development of probiotics determination of LD50 of previously isolated indigenous vibriolytic bacteria, Pseudomonas aerugginosa JP4, to Penaeus monodon postlarvaeBillena, Ma. Thesa M. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2000-06)Previous studies showed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa JP4 is effective in eliminating pathogenic Vibrio spp. on shrimp. However, virulence studies on this strain are lacking. Hence, this study was conducted to test the pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa JP4, using different bacterial densities of 105, 106, 107, 108, 109 and 1010 CFU/ml. These were introduced to Penaeus monodon postlarvae 13 (PL13)and early juvenile (PL25) stages. After 3 days of monitoring, mortality rates and LD50 values were determined using Reed-Muench method. Results showed that shrimps can not tolerate higher bacterial densities with LD50 of 1.15 x 107 CFU/ml and 1.12 x 108 CFU/ml for PL13 and PL25 respectively. The relatively high LD50 values on shrimp stages PL13 and PL25 indicate a low virulence of the bacterial strain. Hence, P. aeruginosa JP4 maybe used as potential vibriolytic bacteria.Item Karyotype analysis of Kutsay Allium odoratum L. (Alliales: Alliaceae)Bermejo, Jo-am Asis (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 1995-05)The C-metaphase count of Allium odoratum revealed that the chromosome number was 2n=32, consisting of the following centromeric groups based on Levan's method of chromosome classification: Group I chromosomes with subterminal centromeres (1 pair); Group II with submedian centromeres (2 pairs), and Group III with median centromeres (13 pairs). The mean total lengths of chromosome ranged from 8.534±0.504-16.624±0.600 μ. Mitotic index for the species was found to be 10.87%.Item Histomorphological study of the gonads of Pholas orientalisBeluso, Michelle O. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 1994-04)A total of five "diwal", Pholas orientalis, two of which wore obtained from Hinigaran, Neg. Occ. on January 1995 and three from Lanas, Barotac Nuevo on February 1994, were examined for the histomorphological study of the gonads of the species. Among the five samples, two were males and three were females. No hermaphrodites were encountered. Macroscopical examination showed that the gonads were diffused in the visceral mass extending from the anterior to the posterior part of the animal. The gonads were arborescent in form and creamy in color. No external sexual differences were observed. Histological examination showed that male and female gonads were scattered in the visceral mass and concentrate most around the stomach. Male and female gonads consist of follicles which were lobular and embedded in the connective tissues. Three sexual maturity stages were observed among the five specimens, which are the late active, ripe, and partially spent stages. During the late active stages in both male arid female gonads, developing gametes (spermatocytes and young oocytes, respectively) are attached to the follicular wall with maturing gametes lying free in the follicular lumen. At the ripe stage, male gonads showed mature sperms free in the follicle lumen with sperm tails radiating into the center of the lumen. In females, ripe oocytes are free in the follicle lumen with some maturing oocytes still attached to the folli- cular wall by a slender stalk. Partially spent stage was observed only in females. Spent gonads showed spaces in ovarian follicles due to loss of ova through spawning (1938). Since there is a growing demand for "diwal", interest on this species had picked up lately. One of the earliest studies on P. orientalis was the study on the "diwal" fishery in Neg. Occ. conducted by Ablan (1938). The larval biology and mariculture of the angelwing clam, Cyrtopleura cos- tata, were studied by Gustafson, et al. (1991) and investigations into spawning and hatchery technique for P. orientalis are underway (Gustafson, et al., 1991). Studies on the biology of P. orientalis are few and in fact no literature regarding reproductive biology of the species was obtained. Thus, this study was carried out with the following objectives: (1) to determine the location of the gonads in the visceral mass of P. orientalis, (2) to describe the histomorphology of the gonads, and (3) to differentiate the gonadal conditions histologicallyItem Karyotype analysis of garlic, Allium sativum L. (Alliales; Alliaceae)Bandiola, Ma. Florma A. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 1994-03)The C-metaphase count of Allium sativum L. showed a chromosome number of 2n = 14, consisting of six long and eight short somatic chromosomes categorized into three distinct groups: ten m type chromosomes with centromeres at the median region, two sm type chromosomes with submedian centromere and two st type chromosomes with subterminal centromere, Mitotic index for the species was computed at 16.88%.Item The growth and yield performance of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus Fries) using fish wastewater as fertilizerArroyo, Karen T. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2000-04)Oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus, is an edible wood-inhabiting fungi that continues to gain popularity in the Philippines, as well as in other tropical countries. With the use of modern technology, this mushroom can be grown in the Philippines, provided sufficient moisture is present. Its present cultivation is limited, perhaps due to insufficiency of planting materials and the limited knowledge about its culture. The main objective of the study was to establish the possibility of the replacement of urea, the commonly used fertilizer for mushroom cultivation by fish wastewater. The study also aimed to compare the effects of different concentrations of fish wastewater on the growth of mushrooms and determine which treatment produced the best results. A total of five groups were used: two control groups (positive and negative - using urea and water, respectively) and three experimental groups, the latter with different concentrations of fish wastewater serving as alternative fertilizer (A: 10%, B: 20%, C: 30%). Fruiting bags were inoculated with oyster mushroom spawn, and after a month of incubation, the growing mushrooms were assessed using the parameters of number, weight, length, and diameter. Results showed that the weight of oyster mushrooms was heaviest when the substrate was sprayed with plain water. However, the number of mushrooms harvested, their length, and the width of the pilei were not affected by spraying the substrate with urea or moistening these with up to 30% fish wastewater. The conclusions reached were: 1) when using sawdust as substrate for oyster mushroom cultivation, it is best to simply use water to maintain the moisture of the material; 2) sawdust used in combination with low concentration of fish wastewater (10%) can result in good production; 3) neither nitrogen nor urea may be a critical factor for the growth of oyster mushroom on sawdust; and 4) high amount of phosphorus and low potassium content of fish wastewater are favorable for oyster mushroom growth.Item A preliminary study on the extraction of alginic acid from three species of brown algae: Sargassum polycystum, Sargassum cristaefolium and Turbinaria sp. in Taklong Is.,GuimarasAdelantar, Geoffrey V. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 1996-04)Three species of brown algae were harvested in Taklong Is., Guimaras. These were Sargassum polycystum, Sargassum cristaefolium, and Turbinaria sp. These brown algae were subjected to physical and chemical treatment to extract and compare the amount of their alginic acid in the form of sodium alginate. Four seaweed collections for extraction were made between August to December, 1995. Values obtained during the first three extractions gave almost similar results. S. polycystum exhibited the highest percentage yield of sodium alginate with a mean of 22.84%. It was followed by S. cristaefolium at 22.21%. Turbinaria sp. gave the lowest yield with a mean of 14.12%. The last extraction somehow showed a decrease in the percentage yield of all three samples. S. polycystum yielded just 20.00%, S. cristaefolium at 19.00% and Turbinaria sp. at just. 10.10%. Several factors may have contributed to the differences in the amount of alginic acid of the three species of brown algae. Among these are the inherent capability of the different species of brown algae to produce alginates, the thickness and sturdiness of the samples, the viscosity of the extracts, and seasonal changes.