Undergraduate Theses
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Item Antidiarrheal activity of Pterocarpus indicus bark extracts using castor oil-induced diarrhea model on miceCabatea, Norberto C. (Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2010-04)This study evaluated the antidiarrheal activity of the bark of Pterocarpus indicus (Narra). The crude methanolic extract of the bark was subjected to sequential extraction using hexane, DCM, and ethyl acetate. These extracts were tested for antidiarrheal activity in vitro using the castor oil induced diarrhea model in mice employing charcoal tracing method. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) was used in determining the chemical constituents present in every extracts using spraying reagents to aid in the visualization of spots. Crude methanolic extract dosage 200 mg/kg body weight is the comparable dosage to the reference drug loperamide (2 mg/kg body weight). The hexane extract was the most active fraction and 200 mg/kg dosage was more effective than with the positive control loperamide (2 mg/kg). No antidiarrheal activity found in the fraction of DCM and ethyl acetate extracts. Phytochemical screening revealed positive tests for tannins, phenolics, terpenes, cardiac glycosides, saponins and reducing sugars in all fractions. Tests for flavonoids and alkaloids, however, were negative.Item In vitro antibacterial activity of Hibiscus rosa sinensis leaf extracts against some pathogens associated with urinary tract infectionsCabayao, Coney B. (Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2011-04)The in vitro antibacterial activity of Hibiscus rosa sinensis leaf ( methanolic, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-hexane, and aqueous ) extracts were studied against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ) and Gram-positive ( Streptococcus faecalis) bacteria. The methanolic extract was subjected to sequential liquid-liquid extraction using solvents of varying polarity and concentrations. Out of the 5 extracts, methanolic and dichloromethane extracts exhibited the highest antibacterial activity as measured using the zone of inhibition. This was followed by ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts. At 200 mg/ml concentration, all extracts were considered active when tested with E. coli and S. faecalis, and were partially active against P. aeruginosa. The aqueous extract was inactive towards the three bacteria. The 200 mg/ml concentration showed no significant difference when compared with the positive control, amoxicillin (12.51μg/ml). This shows that Hibiscus rosa sinensis exhibits a promising antibacterial activity. Phytochemical analysis of the active fraction- the methanolic extract- showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, saponins, steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and anthraquinones. These bioactive components could be responsible for the antibacterial activity of Hibiscus rosa sinensis leaf extracts.Item The adsorption capacity of silica gel and rice hull ash on phenol and anilineBulatao, Ben Fermin P. (Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2011-04)Chemical waste has been a problem here in the University of the Philippines Visayas, Miagao, Iloilo. Various methods of removal have been utilized. Extraction of silica gel from rice hull and rice hull ash was used to remove organic compounds (phenol and aniline). In this study, silica gel and rice hull ash adsorption on phenol and aniline were investigated with varying contact time and initial concentration. Silica gel reaches its optimum adsorption of both phenol and aniline at 60 minutes contact time. Silica gel was the basis for rice hull ash’s contact time because rice hull ash is 90% by weight silica gel.. Silica gel-phenol system decreases it adsorption capacity as the initial concentration is increased from 25 ppm to 100 ppm. Rice hull ash- phenol system, on the other hand, shows that the adsorption capacity increases as the initial concentration is increased. Both on silica gel-aniline system and rice hull ash- aniline system have increasing adsorption as initial concentration is increased. As the contact time is increased, adsorption increases only until it reaches its optimum adsorption which is 60 minutes contact time where saturation is reached. Increasing initial concentration however has different effect on adsorption on all system explained by the adsorption isotherms. The isotherms show that phenol has the fastest rate to form a monolayer (K and Q°) with the greatest binding strength (b) on silica gel. It is also observed that phenol and aniline formed a monolayer (1/n) on the surface of the silica gel and rice hull ash.Item Antifungal activities of alginate films incorporated with lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil on sliced breadBronzal, Lucile A. (Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2018-06)The accumulation of non-degradable and non-recyclable waste materials leads researches to venture on biopolymer films which have been regarded as the promising green substitutes of non-biodegradable plastic materials. However, food products can be subjected to contamination by bacteria and fungi. The addition of plant derived essential oil can control microbial contamination of foods by reducing the growth rate of target microorganisms or by inactivating microorganisms by direct or indirect contact. Incorporating antimicrobial compounds into films provides a different way to improve the safety of ready-to-eat foods. In this study, the efficiency of synthesized alginate films incorporated with lemon grass essential oil (LGEO) for antifungal activity on white bread was evaluated. Two sets of film were prepared the (1) LGEO - Ethanol incorporated films and (2) LGEO — β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex films via solution casting method. Furthermore, the FTIR analysis of the generated films was also assessed to identify the functional groups present in the film that facilitates its antifungal property. Experimental results showed that LGEO enhanced the antifungal properties in the films and significantly slowed down the propagation of fungi on white sliced bread. After two weeks of storage, all bread samples packed with various film samples showed fungal growth. It was found out that citral is the main component of essential oil which contributes to the inhibition of fungal growth. The incorporation of LGEO in the film decreased the O-H peak absorbance while the inclusion complex in the film increases the O-H peak absorbance and broad O-H peaks were also obtained.Item Physicochemical characterization and FTIR Analysis of the essential oil from Almaciga (Agathis philippinensis Warb) gumBriones, Kathleen Faith C. (Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2016-02)Almaciga (Agathis philippinensis ) is one of the few conifer timber species endemic to the Philippines. It is highly valued for its resin which is the world- renowned Manila copal (hard resin). Manila copal have been reportedly employed in treating asthma, headaches, myalgia and even arthritis. An ethnomedical documentation of Manila copal usage also reported the utilization of the resin for stomachache, ulcers and dysentery. However, there is only limited literature regarding the Almaciga gum (the softer resin). To provide supplemental data regarding the Almaciga gum, this study was conducted to characterize the physicochemical properties and to identify the major functional groups of the essential oil extracted from its resin. The essential oil was extracted using a makeshift steam distillation set- up with a total yield of 3.20%. The essential oil was found to have a refractive index of 1.4731± 0.0002, a density of 0.8502±0.0039 g/mL, and a specific gravity of 0.8527±0.0039. Odor, color and appearance were evaluated using the organoleptic method. Major functional groups were identified from Fourier Transform - Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) which suggested that limonene is the major component.Item Extraction of humic substances from vermicompost and application as component matrix for slow-release fertilizersBoloron, Nina Loren R. (Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2018-06)Humic acid was extracted from vermicomposts (hereafter referred as VCHAs) by alkali/acid fractionation and their concentration were determined to be 54.79 (± 0.25) g HS/kg vermicompost in average. The extracted humic substances from vermicomposts were also determined to contain an average K+ of 0.0671 (± 0.0053) g K/kg vermicompost. The Fourier transform infrared spectra of crude VCHSs show similar spectral features with humic acids extracted from vermicomposted materials. The VCHSs were complex with K nutrient and encapsulated in cross-linked Ca-alginate to form vermicompost humic substance — potassium slow-release fertilizer bead (VCHS-K SRF). The synthesized VCHS-K SRF were subjected to total nutrient analysis, swelling kinetics, and slow release test to evaluate the role of nutrient compositions on its capability and capacity as slow- release fertilizer. Results for total nutrient analysis show that with an increase in nutrient loading, encapsulation efficiency is low and nutrient concentration is low. These findings imply that at neutral pH of HS solution, binding sites are saturated with Na+, therefore with having the same affinity as K+ , minimal ion exchange took place and it became difficult for K+ to bind to the HS complex. It also suggests that the amount of polymer coating and the degree of crosslinking were not sufficient to hold all nutrients. Discrepancies on the amount of released K+ was also observed on the release profile as a product of errors on acid digestion and matrix effect, this lead to elevated amounts of release by the VCHS-K SRF. The result of the release behavior profile of VCHS-K SRF shows that with an increase in enriched nutrient load, the release rate is faster. The results on the release profile of the VCHS-K SRF exhibited a parabolic and burst release. This finding in relation to the observed fluctuations on the absorbency pattern suggests that internal pressure build-up on the polymer matrix caused abrasions on the surface of the polymer coating resulting to the instantaneous release of nutrient and absorbed water. Overall, the VCHS-K SRF cannot be classified as a slow-release fertilizer. The present findings suggest the need for further improvement on the study of VCHS-K SRF from vermicompost.Item Optimization of pretreatment process of lip gloss for the determination of lead by flame atomic absorption spectroscopyBolivar, Eduardo L., Jr. (Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2013-10)The optimization of the pretreatment process for the analysis of lead in lip gloss using a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (FAAS) was proposed in this study. Two variables were tested for this study: volume of nitric acid, HNO3 and volume of hydrogen peroxide, H202. Results of the optimization and statistical analysis revealed that 47.3 mL HNO3 and 2 mL HNO3 were the optimum volumes suited for the digestion of lip gloss in obtaining high analytical results for the lead analysis. Five different samples were randomly purchased from local markets in Iloilo City that may contain high levels of lead due to a report from BFAD that warned people about the use of several lipsticks imported abroad. Lip gloss samples were analyzed using the optimized protocol. The heavy metal content in the lip gloss samples were found to be between 52.0 - 126.3 mg lead/kg of sample. Results show that these were slightly higher than the allowable limits for lead contents in lip gloss set by BFAD and WHO. One-way ANOVA statistics showed that there was a significant difference in the lead contents among the different lip gloss samples.Item DPPH free radical scavenging activity and total phenolic content of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) seedsBohol, Lyan Jean B. (Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2013-04)Free radicals, a class of highly reactive molecules derived from the metabolism of oxygen is believed to be involved in many health disorders. It is generated as by-products of biological reactions or from the environment. Antioxidant-based drugs and formulations for the prevention and treatment of complex diseases have attracted a great deal of research interest in natural antioxidants. It is deemed necessary to screen medicinal plants for their antioxidant potential. Terminalia catappa is a widely-distributed tree in the Philippines with promising potentials in pharmacology. Evaluation of the in vitro antioxidant activity of methanolic, dichloromethane, and hexane extracts of Terminalia catappa seeds were carried out using two assays: 1, l-diphenyl-2-pycrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and total phenolic content assay. Results revealed that methanolic extracts showed a significantly higher free radical scavenging activity and a four-fold increase in its activity relative to the standard Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT). Furthermore, methanol, DCM and hexane extracts have high total phenolic content. Present results indicate that Terminalia catappa is a potential source of antioxidant and a good candidate for the development of new nutraceuticals for treatment of diseases. Phytochemical screening to determine the group of secondary metabolites present and toxicity evaluation for recommendation as nutritional substitutes and human consumption are recommended.Item Antimicrobial, antioxidant and phytochemical properties of ethanolic and water extracts of selected local spices from Miagao, IloiloBesinga, Yvonne Grace M. (Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2016-06)Spices such as garlic, pepper and turmeric are indispensable in the daily food preparation and are reported to have compounds which prevent the microbial spoilage of food. This study evaluates the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities as well as the phytochemical properties of the ethanol and aqueous spice extracts of garlic, pepper and turmeric. The antioxidant activity was performed using l,l-diphenyl-2-picryl- hydrazyl (DPPH) Radical Scavenging Method and the antimicrobial activity was evaluated by Disk Diffusion Assay. Phytochemical compounds tested were alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenol and saponins. In decreasing order, the potency of the antioxidant activities showed Ascorbic acid > turmeric ethanol extract >pepper water extract> pepper ethanol extract> turmeric water extract> garlic ethanol extract> garlic water extract. The antimicrobial activity was highest in turmeric aqueous extract in terms of mean inhibition zone (7.5±2.10) against E. coli. The most effective treatment against B. subtilis was turmeric ethanol with highest mean inhibition zone (6.87±1.13). And for S. aureus, garlic ethanol extract has the highest mean inhibition zone (7.80±1.32). Phytochemical screening tests showed that in all treatments, the most abundant phytochemical were alkaloids and terpenoids. This study indicates that the spices like garlic, pepper and turmeric have antimicrobial and antioxidant activity.Item Photodegradation of methylene blue in aqueous media using TIO2 -based heterogeneous photocatalysts under natural lightBernido, Julidyn P. (Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2015-06)This study developed two heterogeneous TiO2-based photocatalysts: pure TiO2 and Fe-doped TiO2 (Fe-TiO2). Heterogeneous catalysts were prepared by coating TiO2 and Fe-TiO2 powder on glass beads. The photocatalytic activity of both heterogeneous photocatalysts were studied by photodegradation of methylene blue in aqueous solution under two pH conditions (6 and 9) and two ionic concentration conditions (0 and 38 ppt). The Fe-TiO2 powder contained minimal amount (2.245%) of Fe as expected. However, surface functionality and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) profile of both TiO2 and Fe-TiO2 powder were very similar indicating that doping did not alter these properties. Between the two heterogeneous catalysts prepared, the amount of Fe-TiO2 catalyst coated on glass beads was lower compared to pure TiO2. The removal of methylene blue was significantly affected by ionic concentration which removal is higher at lower ionic concentration (0 ppt). Although it appeared that the removal of methylene blue was higher at pH 9, statistical analyses revealed that the effect was not significant. In addition, the removal of methylene blue by the two catalysts were significantly different. Heterogeneous photocatalyst based on pure TiO2 showed higher removal of methylene blue in all pH and ionic concentration. Moreover, no interactive effects between variables were observed. Lastly, the blank showed no significant difference on the removal of methylene blue with the heterogeneous photocatalysts which suggest that degradation by direct photolysis from sunlight could be the reason for this result.