UPV Theses and Dissertations
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Item Microbiological assessment and detection of potentially pathogenic bacteria on three areas along the Iloilo RiverCaballo, John Carlo P. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2011-04)The Iloilo River, which traverses the whole length of Iloilo City, serves as a water source for different human activities hence, subjecting it to a variety of pollutants. Microbial and physico-chemical parameters of the three areas along the Iloilo River (Carpenter’s Bridge, IBRD Bridge, and Dungon Creek) were assessed to in order to provide a quantifiable evaluation of the river’s water quality. The presence of Salmonella spp., Eschericia coli, Streptococcus spp. and Vibrio spp., was also determined. HPC counts indicate very-high to extremely-high levels of bacterial loading (5.31 x 105-l .60 x 106 CFU/lOOmL) among the three sampling areas. Total coliform levels indicated contamination of the river from outside sources, potentially from domestic sewage discharges and run-offs from nearby establishments. The FC: FS ratio suggests contamination mostly came from mixed origins, with the noted exception of Carpenter’s Bridge, which is dominated by human fecal contamination. Minimal variations in physico-chemical parameters were observed for all areas. Significant correlations were found among salinity (p=0.002) and temperature (p=0.042) with TC; between FS with dissolved oxygen (p=0.00), and between FC and temperature (p=0.005). Contamination of the river by organic and fecal matter from animal and human sources provided a suitable habitat for pathogenic bacteria. A considerable quantity of potentially pathogenic bacteria such as; E.coli, Salmonella spp., Streptococcus spp. and Vibrio spp., were isolated from each sampling area. Exposure to these pathogens in drinking and recreational waters poses health risks to local inhabitants and to any individual who would consume water from the riverItem Survival and growth of juvenile sea cucumber Holothuria scabra Jaeger (1833) in shrimp pond sedimentBriones, Jill D. (2012-03)Many high valued sea cucumbers e.g. Holothuria scabra are detritivores and thrive on organic matter and thus are potential bioremediating agents in eutrophic systems e.g. aquaculture ponds. Sea cucumbers cultured in shrimp ponds would act as natural bioremediators and lessen the organic matter content of the sediments hence make the pond environment more favorable for shrimp culture. This study looks at the feasibility of growing sea cucumbers in pond sediments for their bioremediating role and for their economic value. In this study, growth and survival of hatchery-produced H.scabra juveniles in Bare substrate (Treatment 1), Sand from natural habitat (Treatment 2) and Shrimp Pond sediment (Treatment 3) were compared after 5 weeks of culture. This study demonstrates that it is feasible to grow H. scabra juveniles in shrimp pond sediments without compromising their survival (p > 0.05). Results showed that those reared in Pond sediment grew best and significantly better compared to the other treatments (ANOVA, p<0.05). Juveniles grown in Pond sediment increased from mean weight of 3g to 14g while in the other treatments they just grew from mean of 2.7g to 8.7g. The consistently higher organic matter in Pond sediment could have contributed to better growth of sea cucumbers relative to other treatments. The bioremediating role of sea cucumbers was indicated by significant reduction in organic matter content in pond sediment by Week 5.Item Toxicity of Chemically Enhanced Water-Accommodated Fraction (CEWAF) of Petron bunker C oil on Asian Sea bass Lates calcarifer (Bloch) fingerlings at different salinity levelsBondoc, Christian Earvin D. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2011-03)Asian sea bass Lates calcarifer fingerlings were exposed to three CEWAF concentrations (0.3, 0.5 and 1.0%) at 28, 32 and 36%o and the mortality rate among the different treatments were compared. Dunnett t-test (a=0.05) showed that mortality in the CEWAF-exposed treatments differed significantly from that in the control, indicating that the toxicity of CEWAF caused the death of the fingerlings. The general trend of mortality was increasing with increased salinity although the results of Two-Way ANOVA (a=0.05) reveal that salinity did not influence the toxicity of CEWAF significantly. Further analysis with Fisher’s LSD test (a=0.05) showed that mortality only differed significantly between the 28%o and 36%o salinity groups. The differences between the salinity levels used in this experiment were too narrow to cause a significant difference in the interaction between CEWAF concentration and salinity. Sublethal effects of exposure to CEWAF observed in this study included aberrant swimming behavior, arching of the back, loss of buoyancy and loss of pigmentation.Item Community structure, biomass productivity and carbon stock assessment of mangroves in Barangay Tabon, Batan Bay, AklanBermeo, Ma. Ramela Angela C. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2013-04)The study aimed to assess the community structure, biomass productivity, and carbon stock assessment of mangroves in Barangay Tabon, Batan Bay, Aklan using the plot method. Specifically, it aimed to: 1. determine selected physical and chemical factors such as water salinity, water pH, soil temperature and characterization of soil substrates, 2. identify true mangrove species present in the area, 3. describe the community structure in terms of Stand Basal Area, Stems per Hectare, Relative Density, Relative Frequency, Relative Dominance, Importance Value, Shannon-Index of Diversity, Zonation Pattern, Seedling and Sapling Density, 4. assess the biomass productivity (both wood biomass, and litter fall), 5. estimate the amount of carbon stored in the mangrove forest (using allometric equation). A total of twenty-one true mangrove species belonging to 12 families were identified. Family Rhizophoraceae was the most represented with five species namely Bruguiera cylindrica, Ceriops decandra, Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata, and R. stylosa. The rest were also well represented namely Family Avicenniaceae- Avicennia alba, A. officinalis, A. marina, and A. rumphiana; Family Combretaceae- Lumnitzera littorea and Limnutzera racemosa; Family Sonneratiaceae- Sonneratia alba, and Sonneratia caseolaris; Family Acanthaceae- Acanthus ebracteatus; Family Bombacaceae- Camptostemon philippinensis; Family Euphorbiaceae- Excoecaria agallocha; Family Meliaceae- Xylocarpus moluccensis; Family Myrsinaceae- Aegiceras corniculatum; Family Myrtaceae- Osbornia octodonta; Family Arecaceae- Nypa fruticans; Family Rubiaceae- Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea. Basal area ranged from 0.11m2/ha for Ceriops decandra to 68.78m2/ha for Sonneratia alba. Avicennia marina had the highest stems per hectare with 22,600 stems/ha, while Bruguiera cylindrica had the lowest with 100 stems/ha. Avicennia marina occurred in all plots with 137 trees/ha and had the highest relative density of 38.38% and relative frequency of 38.42%. Sonneratia alba had the highest relative dominance of 48.49% while the lowest was Ceriops decandra with 0.08%. Avicennia alba, Bruguiera cylindrica, and Ceriops decandra had the lowest relative densities and frequencies at 0.3%. The most important species was Avicennia marina (107.6) and the least important species was Ceriops decandra (0.68). The area was considered to be diverse at 0.7206. On per transect basis, the highest index of diversity recorded was in Transect 2, while the lowest was in Transect 1. Avicennia and Sonneratia species occured both in the low intertidal zone (seaward) and mid-intertidal zone (transitional zone). Rhizophora, Nypa, Camptostemon, Osbornia, Lumnitzera, Bruguiera, Ceriops, Exoecaria, and Aegiceras were found in the mid-intertidal zone (transitional zone). Xylocarpus, Scyphiphora, and Acanthus occurred in high intertidal zone (landward). Avicennia rumphiana had the highest seedlings density of 1001 seedlings/ha, whereas Rhizophora mucronata had the highest saplings density of 96 saplings/ha. The lowest seedling and sapling density was Rhizophora apiculata (Iseedling/ha) and Camptostemon philippinensis (lsapling/ha) respectively. The species with the highest computed biomass of 1,287.78 tons/ha and carbon stock of 579.5 tons/ha was Sonneratia alba. The lowest was Ceriops decandra with biomass of 0.06 tons/ha and carbon stock of 0.03 tons/ha. A total of 2,080 tons/ha biomass and 936.34 tons/ha carbon stock was determined. Based on the litter fall, Transect 2 has the highest leaf fall weighing 580.4g. Litter weight was highest in January 2013 and lowest in December 2012 in all sampling sites.Item Comparative analysis of the gut content of Scylla de Haan, 1833 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Portunidae) collected from the rivers of poblacion Sapian, CapizBautista, Florey Jane O. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2013-04)The natural diet for various sizes and both sexes of the mud crab Scylla sp. collected from the river located at Brgy. Poblacion Sapian Capiz, Philippines was determined. Gut content analysis was conducted for the mud crabs ranging from 30- 109.99 mm carapace width. Results showed that predominant food of mud crab Scylla sp. consists of crustaceans such as shrimps and crabs as well, fish, mollusk, sand shells, unidentified egg, and even plants. Most of the gut content however, consists of chyme due to heavy mastication and presence of the gastric mills that digest the food. There is no ontogenetic shift or difference in the diet as well as diet difference between male and female crabs. The results were discussed in relation with the species’ feeding patterns and the effect of the diet on the maturation of the crab:Item Influence of tidal levels on meiofaunal communities in a rocky shore area in Taklong Island National Marine Reserve, GuimarasBarbasa, Maria Carla A. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2013-04)Rocky shores present an exuberant richness of life, which can be attributed to the hard substrate provided by rocks, necessary for the attachment of sessile organisms. There are many factors affecting community structure in rocky shores, including tidal levels. Tidal levels affect communities by periodically exposing them to air, causing drying up and dessication. Among those affected are meiofauna. Meiofauna in rocky shores are the least studied of all habitats, thus this study serves as baseline information regarding meiofauna in rocky shores, particularly in TINMAR, and how tidal levels affect them. Sorting and identification of meiofauna from 18 samples (5 TST, 5 TLT, 4 TMT, 4 THT) yielded 17 identified taxa, with Harpacticoids being numerically dominant followed by Tanaids (Copepods) and Polychaetes. Mean meiofaunal abundance was found to higher in lower tides (low and sub-tide), but differences were not statistically significant. A similar lack of significant differences between transects was shown for abundances of all and common taxa in edge or mid-section quadrats, although abundances appeared to be higher in low and sub-tidal transects. Cluster analyses based on similarities in abundance of taxa in the transect quadrats showed which asemblages are characteristic of mid- and high tide levels (Insect larvae and Sipunculids). Nematodes, which are typically dominant in soft-bottom substrates, were also most abundant in the upper intertidal in the present study. Other taxa like Tanaids, on the other hand, were more abundant in the low intertidal and subtidal transects. Harpacticoids were observed to be dominant in higher tides.Item Acute toxicity of polysolve oil dispersant to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linn.) fryAtas, Bryan B. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2011-03)Forty eight hour (48h) static bioassays were conducted to determine the toxicity of Polysolve oil dispersant to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry. Median lethal concentrations (LC50) were 1.03, 0.79, 0.70, 0.45, and 0.39% for 24, 30, 42, and 48h, respectively. Polysolve is highly toxic to Nile tilapia fry at low concentrations. Results showed increasing toxicity over increasing length of exposure. It is therefore recommended that Polysolve must not be used in oil spill response. Sublethal effects of the dispersant on the fry include decreased activity and impaired responsesItem Spatial variations of Benthic meiofauna communities from Palompon Bay, Northern LeyteBalasa, Melvy June (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2013-04)Meiofauna play a significant role in maintaining ecological balance in marine ecosystems especially in the dynamics of the seagrass meadows. The meiofauna links the upper trophic level with detritus-feeding organisms. Only few studies have been conducted in the Philippines, while no studies have been. This study was conducted in Palompon, northern Leyte in November 2011, to determine the spatial distribution of meiobenthic fauna in the area and to compare community structure in terms of species composition, species density, and species diversity among five stations included in the survey. Twenty taxa were identified with nematodes being numerically dominant, followed by harpacticoid copepods. It also showed the highest mean abundance for the entire habitat type. The overall mean density was 194585.1528 ind. m2, with the highest population at station 4. And the lowest population was recorded at station 2. Soft bottom habitat showed the highest recorded mean density among the 5 stations, Harpacticoids mostly dominated sandy substrate while nematodes were widely distributed.Item The health status of school-age children in Barangay Ingore, La Paz, Iloilo CityAmamanglon, Keanne Paula H.; Bragancia, Ira May Joy E.; Gulmatico, Gideon M.; Guzman, Virgi Chrisbelle A.; Mercado, Pauline Victoria M.; Orbase, Jannina Faye O.; Reyes, Mary Camille E.; Yap, Maria Lorna Christy C. March (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2011-03)The study is a cross sectional survey to assess the health status of school-age children in barangay Ingore, La Paz, Iloilo City. The health status of the children was evaluated using nutritional status assessment, child care practices of mothers/caretakers and past and present clinical history of disease, and respiratory function. Anthropometry and Clinical Signs were used to directly assess the nutritional status of the children. An Interview Schedule, with mothers/caretakers as respondents was used to determine the socio-demographic characteristics of the household to where the children belong and also to obtain information on their child health care practices. Respiratory or Lung Function was assessed using Lung Peak Flow and Chest Expansion. The results of Anthropometry using the parameters for Weight-for-Age (WFA), Weight-for-Height (WFH) and Height-for-Age (HFA) revealed that 16.3% of the school-aged children were underweight; 10.7% were thin or wasted; 24.4% were stunted, and 4.0% were overweight/obese. The most common clinical signs indicative of malnutrition were pale conjunctiva and the occurrence of dental carries. Most of the children have been breastfed and availed of complete immunization during their pre-school age period. Almost half of them experienced childhood diseases like upper respiratory tract infections (e.g. cough, common colds, asthma, etc.). Peak flow analysis showed that among male, school-age children the average peak flow was 210.6L/minute while among female it was 195.7 L/minute. The computed average peak flow was 203.2 L/minute. The average chest expansion of the subjects was 2.4 cm and the chest expansion of male and female school-age children was 2.4 centimetres. The results obtained in this study can be used as a baseline for future studies especially in the light of the recent operation of a coal-fired power plant which might affect the health status of vulnerable age groups like pre-school and school-age childrenItem Antibacterial activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of selected basidiomycetes from UPV, Miagao, Iloilo PhilippinesAmbubuyog, Marja Victoria U. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2013-03)The Basidiomycetes represent an enormous source for natural products with diverse chemical structures and wideranging antimicrobial activity. This study was done to investigate the antibacterial property of selected species of basidiomycetes aqueous and methanolic extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Specifically, it aimed to (1) determine the antibacterial activity of the aqueous extract of selected species of basidiomycetes in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa based on the zone of inhibition; (2) determine the antibacterial activity of the methanolic extract of selected species of basidiomycetes in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa based on the zone of inhibition; and (3) compare the aqueous and methanolic extracts of selected species of basidiomycetes in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa based on the zone of inhibition. A total number of ten species were collected namely Auricularia sp., Schizophyllum sp., Trametes pubescens, Trametes versicolor, Trametes elegans, Ganoderma sp.(l), Ganoderma sp.(2), Stereum sp. and two unknowns. Dried samples were crushed and extracted with water and methanol. Antibacterial activity was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The results showed a negative to weak inhibition against the test microorganisms which is inconsistent with the results of previous studies. It could possibly be attributed to the preparation of the samples and the fruiting body maturity that influenced the antibacterial potential of the samples. It appears that fruiting bodies used in the present study may not be reliable sources of bioactive compounds for antibacterial activity.