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    Abundance, distribution, and composition of macrobenthos in Banate Bay, Iloilo, Philippines
    Bernasol, Mylin M. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2015-06)
    In order to characterize the macrobenthic community in Banate Bay, quarterly sampling was done from December 2012 to December 2013 in nine (9) stations of the study area. Samples were collected using a hand-held mud corer measuring 0.15m in diameter. Samples were sieved in the field using a 0.5mm mesh, preserving all retained organisms in a plastic container containing 10% buffered formalin with Rose Bengal dye. Two (2) replicate samples per station in June and September 2013 were processed in the laboratory. A total of 38 taxa were sorted and identified with overall mean density of 821 ind/m2. Cluster Analysis using the program COMM grouped species according to their abundances and stations based on their relative location from the shore. T-test for 2 sample means showed that densities in June and September did not differ significantly (p=0.42). ANOVA showed that densities per station did differ significantly (p=0.05). Correlations identified salinity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, and organic matter content to have negative effects on macrobenthos density in the Bay. In spite of low density, diversity particularly of polychaetes appeared to be relatively high. This can be attributed to the intensity and fluctuations of the harsh environment in the Bay still being within limits.
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    Preparation and characterization of chitin-humic acid hybrid and chitin-humic acid hybrid hydrogel as absorbent for Cu(II)
    Balgos, Blyth Angela C. (Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2017-06)
    Gelatinous chitin was functionalized with humic acid to produce a chitinhumic acid hybrid. The gelatinous chitin was protonated using HC1 and humic acid was deprotonated by using NaOH in separate containers. The protonated gelatinous chitin and the deprotonated humic acid were then mixed to form Hie chitin-humic acid hybrid. A portion of the chitin-humic acid hybrid was used to prepare the chitin-humic acid hydrogel. The chitin-humic acid hybrid hydrogel was then prepared using 1,2,3,4- butanetetracarboxylic dianhydride(BTCA) as crosslinker. The chitin-humic acid hybrid hydrogel was then characterized using FT-IR and swelling test. The degree of swelling of the chitin-humic acid hydrogel was found to be 38.10 ± 3.06. It can also be inferred from the results of the swelling test that the chitin-humic acid hybrid hydrogel has a low crosslink density. Characterization by FT-IR suggested successful immobilization for the hybrid and BTCA crosslinking for the hydrogel. The potential of chitin-humic acid hybrid and chitin-humic acid hybrid hydrogel to adsorb Cu(II) in a solution was then evaluated. The process was done by subjecting the chitin-humic acid hybrid to Cu(II) adsorption. The results for Cu(II) adsorption test was subjected to a Shapiro- Wilk test for normality and was determined to have normally distributed data. One- sample T-test was then used to compare the adsorption capacity of the hybrid and hydrogel. The mean % Cu(II) Removal of the chitin-humic acid hybrid and chitinhumic acid hybrid hydrogel were 41.36 ± 2.35% and 51.21 ± 1.32%, respectively. Results suggested that the chitin-humic acid hybrid hydrogel has significantly higher % Cu(II) Removal compared to the chitin-humic acid hybrid
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    Identification and antibiotic resistance of enterococcus (Schleifer and Kilpper-Bälz 1984) species isolated from Iloilo river
    Ansino, Jan Reygine G. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2014-04)
    The presence of Enterococci species in the water has long been regarded as an indicator of fecal contamination. With the increasing rate of antimicrobial resistance globally, infections caused by enterococcal species became difficult to treat. The study determined the species distributions and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Enterococcus species isolated from water and sediment samples in the Iloilo River. Susceptibility of the isolates was tested against ampicillin, penicillin, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, doxycycline, erythromycin, tetracycline, and vancomycin. Among the 115 fecal coliform samples, a total of 61 (53%) isolates were confirmed to belong to the genus Enterococcus. Of these, 40% were identified as Enterococcus faecalis, followed by Enterococcus faecium 33% and Enterococcus avium (4%). Isolates showed resistance to tetracycline (51%), erythromycin (18%), and doxycycline (13%) and a high level susceptibility to ampicillin (100%), chloramphenicol (93%), and penicillin (90%). Multiple antibiotic resistance patterns revealed resistance to at least four antibiotics. Six (12%) vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) were detected. The results revealed low level of antibiotic resistance in the river. However, the presence of these fecal contaminants in the river can still pose a potential risk to the human health and the of spread of antibiotic resistance genes, indicating the great importance of improving risk management practices in the river.
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    Health risks associated with bacteriological quality of bathing waters in Villa Beach, Brgy. Sto. Niño Sur, Arevalo, Iloilo City
    Abad, Sue Ellen T.; Catinan, Mary Joy A.; Hautea, Therese Angelie T.; Mabang, Moctar M.; Narida, Leah Joy S.; Panggat, Kevin Matthew B.; Turija, Maisie Mae L. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2004-04)
    A special problem submitted to Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines in the Visayas, Miagao, Iloilo. The study investigated the bacteriological quality, using E. coli, Salmonella spp., and culturable Vibrios as bacterial indicators, of four selected bathing waters in Villa Beach, Brgy. Sto. Nino Sur, Arevalo, Iloilo City, as well as the incidence of symptom occurrence associated with these microbes among 33 respondents. This was to determine health risks associated with bacteriological quality of bathing waters in Villa Beach. Conventional and modified laboratory procedures were used in the detection of E. coli, Salmonella spp., and culturable Vibrios, while pre-structured interview schedule was utilized in the epidemiological survey. p-value was used as statistical tool to measure association. All four water samples tested positive for E. coli and culturable Vibrios. Salmonella spp. was negative in all of the water samples. The MPN for E. coli in water sample C was 460 per 100 ml water sample, while in water samples A, B and D it was 240. Obtained MPN were above the DENR MPN standard for fecal coliform for Class SB, which is only 200. There were 52 individual participated in the study but only 33 (63 %) were able to complete the follow up interview done seven days after the actual date of survey. 18 (55 %) of the respondents were females. The mean (SD) age was 19.3 (14.5) years with an age range of 3-56 years. 11 (34 %) respondents came from sampling site C and 32 (97 %) were visitor-swimmers. Only 13 (39 %) of the respondents reported to have experienced symptoms during the follow up, and the most common symptoms reported by 10 (77 %) of the symptomatic respondents were upper respiratory tract symptoms such as colds, cough and sore throat. Among the symptomatic respondents, only four (31 %) were classified as cases. Significant differences were observed only in the case of symptom occurrence relative to MPN and sampling site as indicated by p-values (0.0004 and 0.003, respectively) less than 0.05. The presence of E. coli in significant concentration and culturable Vibrios in all of the four water samples indicated poor bathing water quality of Villa Beach which may pose health risks among swimmers. The incidence of symptom occurrence or health risks was positive as reported by some of the respondents in the follow up survey. Positive relationship was observed only in the case of symptom occurrence with variables sampling site and MPN for E. coli. Symptom occurrence was found out to be more likely relative to the sampling site, and that it increases with E. coli concentration present in water samples.