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    Heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn) concentrations of road-deposited sediments within six public plazas in Iloilo City
    Caceres, Rizza Daphet E. (Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2011-04)
    Contamination from overland transportation is an unavoidable result of urbanization. Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn arc common heavy metals introduced to the environment by transportation. Road-deposited sediment (RDS) samples were collected from six public plazas (Villa Plaza, Molo Plaza, Mandurriao Plaza, Plaza Libertad, Lapaz Plaza and Jaro Plaza) in Iloilo City from March 2010 to May 2010. 0.5M HC1 was used as extractant and heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn) concentrations were determined using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (FAAS). The mean concentrations of Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn in road-deposited sediments from six plazas were 8.79 ± 1.93, 40.90 ± 24.21, 60.74 ± 22.32, and 164.25 ± 25.0 mg/kg, respectively. Metal enrichment of Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn were approximately xl, x8, x7 and x18 more than the background values respectively. There was no significant temporal variation in metals concentrations of RDS between sampling collections. Generally, RDS from Plaza Libertad has the highest metal concentrations. Cu and Pb metals were highly correlated (R2 = 0.891) indicating possible similar sources. A good correlation (R2 = 0.918) was observed between Pb concentration and the number of vehicles that pass along the plaza per hour. Heavy metal concentrations in sediments from plazas have low hazard quotients but bioaccumulation of metals in the body could cause health effects. Efficiency of digestion procedures varied depending on characteristics, texture and composition of road-deposited sediments. 0.5M HC1 digestion was used because it is simple, cost-effective, time-efficient and it leaches out meaningful amounts of bioavailable metals. Using HC1 as extractant simulates human digestion since human stomach contains HC1 that could leach out metals if road-deposited sediments were ingested.
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    Survey of pathogenic bacteria in bottom sediments of Iloilo River: An assessment of water sanitary quality
    Araneta, Karla Teresa S.; Bugayong, Adrienne Marrie S.; Cabanilla, Jennifer C.; Caro, Mary Ann Gina C.; Gayatgay, Christian Era U.; Nufuar, Ernest Jan T.; Rufino Krystal Hope S. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2009-03)
    This study assessed the water sanitary quality of the Iloilo River by determining the monthly heterotophic plate count (HPC), total coliform (TC), fecal coliform (FC), and fecal streptococcus (FS) counts of the bottom sediments in five sampling sites from October 2008 to February 2009. These parameters were then correlated with the physico-chemical parameters that were additionally obtained from the river water. The presence of Salmonella spp, E. coli. Vibrio spp, and fecal Streptococcus were also determined as indicators of the pathogenic bacteria in the bottom sediments of the Iloilo River. Using the FC:FS ratio, the study further distinguished fecal contamination sources from each site as human, animal, or mixed in origin. An assessment of sediment quality was done using DENR standards for TC and Kohl and Albinger's sediment quality criteria for HPC and FC. Sediment samples were taken from the following sampling sites along the Iloilo River: 1) Forbes. 2) Dungon, 3) IBRD, 4) Carpenter's, and 5) So-oc. No significant difference in any of the physico-chemical or microbiological parameters were found among sampling stations. However, analysis and comparison of the microbiological parameters of bottom sediments in terms of months showed significant temporal variability HPC, TC, and FC alternately decrease and increase every month while FS showed a generally increasing trend. The following correlations between the microbiological and physico-chemical parameters were found. 1) temperature with HPC and FS , 2) salinity with FS count, and 3) dissolved oxygen concentration with TC and FC Counts. The mean percentage of bottom sediment samples with Salmonella ranged from 3% to 10% while more than half of samples from all sampling sites showed the presence of Vibrio spp. and S. faecalis. Samples with E.coli from all sites ranged from 3 to 14%. Fecal contamination sources varied across sampling sites. So-oc show ed mostly animal sources as its orgin of fecal contamination, while other sites had either animal, human or mixed sources. S. faecalis and E. coli exhibited multiple antibiotic resistance, a grow ing health concent in many of today's rivers. All isolates were susceptible to Gentamicin and Ciprofloxacin but resistant to Penicillin. Based on HPC and FC values the degree of loading with easily decomposable organic substance and feces among the sampling sites ranges from very little to little. TC count of the sediment samples from all the sites does not exceed the limit of 5000 CFU/ 100ml set by the DENR. Results suggest that sediments were not a significant reservoir of bacterial pollution at the time this study was conducted.
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    Characterization and identification of previously isolated bacteria from water and sediment samples along Forbes Bridge and Sooc Bridge in Iloilo River
    Abangan, Cassey S. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2011-04)
    This study identified and characterized eighteen previously collected bacteria from water and bottom sediment samples in Forbes Bridge and Sooc Bridge along Iloilo River. Conventional method of bacterial characterization was used in this study. Morphological, physiological and biochemical tests were employed to all bacterial isolates. Identification to genus level was based on The Prokaryotes and Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Four genera were identified: Staphylococcus spp. was the most abundant (50%), followed by Bacillus spp. (22.22%), Acinetobacter spp. (16.67%), and Cellulomonas spp. (11.11%). Staphylococcus spp. and Bacillus spp. were found in both sampling sites, while Acinetobacter spp. was found only in Forbes Bridge area and Cellulomonas spp. was present only in Sooc Bridge area. Three genera were identified in samples from Forbes Bridge: Staphylococcus spp. (45.5%) followed by Acinetobacter spp. and Bacillus spp.of equal distribution of 27.35%. Three genera were also identified and characterized from water and sediment samples from Sooc Bridge: genus Staphylococcus (37.14%), followed by Cellulomonas (28.67%) and lastly, Bacillus spp. (14.29%). The result of the study revealed that the two sampling sites were contaminated with bacteria. Bacterial contamination predominantly came from animal and human waste from residential units, establishments and hospitals brought to the river water directly or through runoffs.