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    Mangrove community structure in Makato River, Makato, Aklan
    Bejemino, Liza Marie P. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2004-04)
    Mangroves are plants that thrive in habitats with very limited conditions for plant life. They are usually found in intertidal zones and along tropical and subtropical coasts. A lot of mangrove forests were destroyed due to overexploitation mainly by human activities. This study was the first to be conducted to provide the community structure of mangroves in Makato River. This study will establish the importance of mangrove communities as well as provide necessary information for the proper management of the mangrove community. The study aims to assess the community structure of mangroves in Makato River, Makato, Aklan. It specifically aims the following: (1) determine selected physical and chemical factors; (2) identify and classify true mangrove species present in the area; and (3) describe the community structure in terms of Stand Basal Area, Stems per Hectare, Relative Density, Relative frequency, Relative Dominance, Importance value, Shannon Index of Diversity, Zonation Pattern and Seedling and Sapling Density. There was a total of 22 true mangrove species belonging to nine families found in the study conducted in the mangrove community in Makato River, of the municipality of Makato, in the province of Aklan. The nine families are Family Avicenniaceae which is represented by Avicennia alba, Avicennia marina, Avicennia rumphiana and Avicennia officinalis, Family Rhizophoraceae which is represented by Bruguiera cylindrica, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Bruguiera parviflora, Bruguiera sexangula, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata , Rhizophora stylosa and Ceriops decandra, Family Sonneratiaceae which is represented by Sonneralia alba and Sonneratia caseolaris; Family Meliaceae which is represented by Xylocarpus granatum and Xylocarpus moluccensis; Family Myrsinaceae represented by Aegiceras corniculatum. Family Euphorbiaceae represented by Exoecaria agallocha, Family Sterculiaceae represented by Heritera littoralis , Family Palmae represented by Nypa fruticans , and Family Rubiaceae represented by Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea. The salinity in the area ranges from 0-35 ppt. Water and soil temperature ranges from 24 C to 27 C while the water and soil pH is relatively neutral, ranging from 6.81 to 7.04. The stand basal area for the whole sampling area is 1370.838 m2/ha2. Avicennia officinalis has the highest basal area with 235.896. Nypa fruticans has the highest stems per hectare in the whole sampling area with 12500. There is an average of 6472.727 stems per hectare. Nypa fruticans has the most number of individuals having the highest relative density of 27.572. Herritiera litloralis is considered to be the least dense species with only 0.074. The frequently encountered species in the sampling site in Makato River is Nypa fruticans with 11.36%. Herritiera litloralis is the least occurring species with 0.61 %. The most dominant species found in the sampling site in Makato River is Nypa fruticans with 17.989. Bruguiera gymnorrhiza is the least dominant species with 0.009. The most important species in the mangrove community in Makato River is Nypa fruticans having an importance value of 56.923. The least important species is Heritiera litloralis with an importance value of only 0.916. The mangrove community in Makato River, Makato, Aklan is considered to be a diverse area having an index of diversity of 0.999. The zonation pattern is distinct in the three stations with station 1 as the freshwater zone dominated by Nypa fruticans and species which prefer low salinity such as Xylocarpus spp., Exoecaria agallocha and Heritiera littoralis. Station 2 which is considered as the middle zone is dominated by Avicennia sp., Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Bruguiera parviflora, Aegiceras corniculatum which prefer moderate salinity. Station 3 or the seaward zone is dominated by species that prefer high salinity such as S. caseolaris, A. marina and R. stylosa. The species with the most number of seedlings is Avicennia marina with 0.2777 while the species with the least number is Xylocarpus muloccensis with 0.0016. Avicennia officinalis has the highest number of saplings with a density of 0.4092 while the least are Sonneratia alba, Bruguiera parviflora and Aegiceras corniculatum with a density of 0.0032 each.
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    The effect of common table salt added in different levels of water salinity as culture medium on growth and survival of prawn larvae Peneus monodon Fabricius
    Abeto, Mario N. (College of Fisheries, University of the Philippines in the Visayas, 1989-09)
    A study was conducted on the effect of common table salt added in waters of different salinity levels used to determine the survival rate, developmental stage, and carapace length of Penaeus monodon larvae from zoea one to post larva one. The following treatments which were adjusted to 33 ppt by adding varying amount of common table salt were: treatment I (8 ppt + 29 g/l) , treatment II (13 ppt + 23 g/l) , treatment III (18 ppt + 17 g/1), treatment IV (23 ppt + 11 g/1), and treatment V (28 ppt + 5/g) . Natural seawater with salinity of 33 ppt was used as control. Certain key ions like Na+, CL-, Ca2+, and Mg2+ were analyzed in each treatment. A sharp drop of. population in all treatments was recorded in the first 5 days of the zoeal stage. Treatment V gave the highest survival rate (25%) , but not significantly higher than treatment IV (20.5%) and control (18%); however, significantly higher than treatment III (10.5%) and treatment II (6.5%) at P<0.05. None of the larvae survived in treatment I after 5 days. Larvae exposed to treatment V had completed post larva one in 11 days (growth index 7). This was not significantly different, however, from those obtained from the control (growth index 6.6) and treatment IV (growth index 6.3). The lowest growth index value which was significantly lower than treatment V was obtained from treatment II and treatment III (growth index 6.0). During the first sampling, carapace length in treatment I reached 0.47 mm, succeeded by the following treatments: III (0.43 mm) , II (0.42 mm) , and V (0.40 mm). Treatment IV and control gave similar results (0.30 mm). After 2 days, rate of increase of CL had shifted from lower to high ionic concentrations culture media. At the end of the study the following carapace lengths were obtained: 1.2 mm for treatment V, 1.15 mm for control, and 1.08 mm for treatment IV. Values obtained from treatment II (0.94 mm) and treatment III (0.98 mm) were significantly lower than treatment V (1.15 mm). Rearing waters with higher concentrations of K+ and Mg2+ (control, treatments I, and II)showed better growth rate and percent survival than those media with relatively lower concentrations (treatments I, II, and III) . The addition of common table salt to low saline waters, however, did not compensate for the loss of physiologically important ions needed for growth and survival of prawn larvae.
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    Ingestion rate of Charybdis feriatus zoea on Brachionus and Artemia nauplii
    Abarca, Jinky G. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2003-04)
    A study was conducted to determine if presence of Brachionus will affect ingestion of Charybdis feriatus larvae on the Artemia and to find out the rate of ingestion with increasing density of Artemia. The experiment was conducted using 10-ml capacity vials filled with 6 ml of seawater (26-30 ppt). Increasing densities of Artemia were prepared (0.5, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 20 ind/ml). In one set-up, Brachionus (15 ind/ml) was added. In another set, Brachionus was absent. Another set-up for Artemia with and without Brachionus was prepared but without Charybdis feriatus larvae which served as the control. There were five replicates per treatment. The amount of food prey (Brachionus and Artemia) ingested is determined after 24 hours of feeding on the first day of every zoeal stage (Zl, Z2, Z3, Z4, and Z5). The number of prey ingested by the crab larvae was then calculated. The prey organisms left in containers were then examined under the microscope for missing body parts. The results showed a trend of increasing ingestion rate with increasing Artemia density. This is observed both in treatments with and without Brachionus. The ingestion rate of C. feriatus larvae on the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis showed no trend. However, in zoea 1, there was a trend of increasing ingestion on Brachionus as the feeding density increases. And in zoea 5, it was seen that there is decreasing ingestion on Brachionus as the feeding density increases. There is a trend of increasing ingestion rate on Artemia nauplii as the Charybdis feriatus larvae grow from zoea 1 to zoea 5. There is also a trend of increasing number of observed Artemia with missing body parts as the Charybdis feriatus larvae grow from zoea 1 to number of zoea 5. In addition, there is an increasing number of observed Artemia naupliii with body parts partially ingested as feeding density increases. The presence or absence of Brachionus shows no significant effect on the ingestion on Artemia at low feeding densities (0.5, 2.5, 5 and 10 ind/ml) in all zoeal stages. However, at high feeding densities (20 ind/ml) the ingestion on Artemia is significantly different as seen is zoeal stage 1, 3 and 4.
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    Bacteriological analysis of seawater from San Salvador to Belen bay areas in Banate Bay, Banate, Iloilo
    Abancio, Celyn Ann L. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines in Visayas, 2000-04)
    This study was conducted at Banate bay, Banate, Iloilo from a point from Belen to San Salvador. Two samplings were taken one week apart and was analyzed for the Most Probable Number (MPN) per ml coliform count The Multiple fermentation tube technique showed that in Poblacion approximately 100 meters from the shore had the lowest MPN values for both samplings which was >3 MPN per ml. The highest count of greater than or equal to 2400 MPN per ml was obtained in sites Belen-10, Belen-50, and Bularan-10 meters away from the shore. As the distance from the shore increases, the MPN values usually decreases, showing that the area near the shore would exhibit high coliform counts than the are further away from the shore. The tide and the weather may have affected the coliform counts because of the differences of MPN values.