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UPV Theses and Dissertations

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    Cytotoxicity and anti-vibriotic activity of Noni as an ethnobotanical
    Arrojo, Marley C. (Division of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2005-12)
    The crude methanolic extract of Acacia, Alibutbut, Bayabas, Biab, Botolan, Bulobitu-un, Buyo, Kamunsil, Kasla, Kayos, Langka-langka, Noni, Pasaw, Sampaguita, Tabong, Talisay, Yellow bell, were bioassayed for their cytotoxicity using brine shrimp nauplii assay. Among the plant extracts, Noni gave the highest LCso equal to 943.329 pg/mL. Noni was the least toxic among the plants tested and its crude methanolic extract was found to have activity against V. harveyi with an anti-vibriotic index of 0.256. Sequential extraction using solvents with increasing polarity gave fractions that exhibited anti-vibriotic property but the more polar ethyl acetate fraction gave the highest anti-vibriotic index of 0.513. It appears that the anti-vibrio constituent is polar. Using VLC, the ethyl acetate fraction was further separated into eighteen fractions which were in turn pooled into five fractions, Fa, Fb, Fc, Fd, and Fe based on their TLC profile. Anti-vibriotic activity of each fraction was determined. Fraction Fa has the highest anti-vibriotic index (0.192) but this is much lower than 0.513. There must be some synergy among the polar constituents that exhibited a higher anti-vibriotic index in the ethyl acetate fraction compared to fraction Fa. Based on several color reactions, ethyl acetate fraction may contain any of the following plant metabolites such as tannins, saponins, phenolic groups, conjugated double bonds, flavonoids, sterols, terpenes, except alkaloids.
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    Efficiency of constructed filters in removing heavy metals (Cd,Cu,Pb and Zn) from chemical wastewater
    Albaladejo, Anthony Salvador B. (Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2012-04)
    The presence of heavy metals at elevated concentrations is a major concern due to its toxic effects to aquatic organisms, plants and humans. Untreated wastewaters from chemistry laboratories could be the key source of heavy metal contamination if not properly processed before disposal to the environment. In this study, the efficiency of the constructed filter, made up of plant-based materials, in removing heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) from chemical wastewater was determined. Characterization of the untreated and treated chemical wastewaters was also performed using different water quality parameters such as temperature, pH, TDS, TSS, COD, heavy metals and toxicity. Results show that the untreated chemical wastewater contains high concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd which did not pass the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) standards and considered harmful when released to the environment. The physico-chemical characteristics, such as TSS and TDS, of the untreated wastewater also did not pass the standards set by DENR except for pH, temperature and COD. The quality of the treated wastewater failed to pass the DENR standards for TSS and TDS thus the constructed filter was not efficient in improving the said physico-chemical characteristics of the wastewater. Rice hull was efficient in removing Zn, Cu and Pb. Bagasse was efficient in removing Pb and saw dust was efficient in removing Cu. The constructed filter was able to significantly reduce the concentrations of heavy metals from 18-L chemical wastewater. The removal efficiency was not significantly different from the 9-L volume treatment. Pb concentration was within the DENR standards after treatment while Zn, Cu and Cd concentrations were above the requirement. The initial concentration of the metal in wastewater greatly affects the removal efficiency of the constructed filter. Furthermore, the constructed filter was able to minimize the toxicity of the chemical wastewater. These findings could be of significance in the design of the treatment facility that could address the problem of heavy metal pollution.
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    A preliminary investigation on the physico-chemical parameters of the habitat and associated flora of Rafflesia sp. along the western side of Sibalom Natural Park
    Alacapa, Lilluck F. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2003-04)
    Rafflesia, bearing the largest flowers in the world, was found to exist in Sibalom Natural Park. In view of efforts to conserve the Rafflesia site, this study entitled, “A preliminary investigation on the physico-chemical parameters of the habitat and associated flora of Rafflesia sp. along the western side of Sibalom Natural Park”, aims to come up with information as to what conditions do these flowers grow and their associated flora. This study hopes to help strengthen biodiversity conservation efforts of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources. The study had ten sampling sites, five of which with the existence of Rafflesia sp. and five of which without Rafflesia sp.. In each of these areas the data gathered were girth of trees, saplings and seedlings, list and number of existing flora within the area, soil pH, soil texture, soil and air temperature, and relative humidity. The study found that the Rafflesia sp. in the Sibalom Natural Park grows at high relative humidity, relatively cool air and soil temperature, in soil with high amounts of clay and nearly neutral pH. The Rafflesia sp., aside from its host vine, exists with the plant locally known as ban-ban. No species of plant was found to dominate the areas where Rafflesia sp. exists.
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    Bioactivity-guided screening of selected plants from UPV Miag-ao campus
    Arceo, Ma. Ofelia H. (Division of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 1998-05)
    Twelve selected ethnomedically-used plants were screened for alkaloids, saponins, and flavonoids. Nine out of twelve plants contained at most two of the phytochemicals tested, and three showed the absence of these phytochemicals. Methanolic extracts of three selected plants (Stachy/arpheta /amaicensis, Hyptis suaveo/ens, Semecarpus philippinensis) were examined for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All extracts were found to be active at least against two of the microorganisms tested. The extract of Siachytarphe/a jamaicensis was found to be active against three out of four microorganisms and found to be the most bioactive. Stachyiarpheta jamaicensis was subjected to bioactivity-guided fractionation using solvents of increasing polarity - hexane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol. The hexane extract was considered as the most bioactive fraction. Its chromatogram contained seven spots in which four turned blue violet after spraying with vanillin-H2SO4. The color change exhibited suggests the possible presence of saponins.
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    Proximate analysis and fatty acid profile of Hyopila rosea Williams and Vesicularia reticulata
    Anuevo, Gwen M. (Division of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2000-07)
    Philippine mosses number about 506 species. Hyophila rosea Williams and Vesicularia reticulata are the two species that are found abundantly in Panay area. Hyophila rosea Williams are medium-sized plants in thin clusters with stems from 1-1.5 cm high. Proximately characterized to contain 17.82% moisture, 5.99% crude protein, 7.69% crude ether extract, 21.42% crude fiber, 18.21% ash, and 46.69% nitrogen-free extract. Fatty acid profiles are composed of twenty-nine (29) analytes, from which twenty (20) were not identified while nine (9) are known, starting from Caproic acid (C1o) to Arachidic (C20). Linoleic, palmitic, and oleic acids are the first three analytes comprising higher percentages. Vesicularia reticulata, on the other hand, are dull, yellowish green, and the main stem is about 5 cm long. Proximately characterized to contain 12.73% moisture, 5.96% crude protein, 9.45% crude ether extract, 21.95% crude fiber, 32.67% ash, and 29.96% nitrogen-free extract. Fatty acid profiles are composed of forty-one (41) analytes, from which thirty-two (32) analytes were not identified, while nine (9) analytes are known starting from C1o to C2o.Linoleic, palmitic and linolenic acids are the first three analytes comprising higher percentages.
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    Determination of the anthocyanin content in Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Roselle) calyses from fresh to spray-dried form
    Arganioza, Hannah Mae C. (Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2015-06)
    Hibiscus sabdariffa L. is an agricultural herb with calyces as the commercially important part this plant. The calyces is a good source of anthocyanin (pigments) with several potential applications in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. These pigments are used worldwide in the production of drinks and as a source of natural food coloring. However, these pigments are very unstable due to processing and storage conditions. Thus, this present study investigated the amount of anthocyanin as it is processed into a commercial product in the form of spray-dried powder. The Roselle plant samples were obtained from Herbanext Laboratories farm. The fresh extract has 493.45 mg/L total monomeric anthocyanin. Compared to the fresh extract, concentrated aqueous spray-dried extract (261.06 mg/L) contains lower anthocyanin content, however, this is significantly higher than aqueous concentrate (124.41 mg/L). Both the aqueous extract and ethanolic extract contains the smallest amount of anthocyanin for each sets. Spray drying techniques increases the amount of anthocyanin which helps to prevent further degradation of the compound due to the influences of the storage environment and processing conditions.