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    Phytoplankton assemblages in contrasting seasons in the area of Banate Bay, Iloilo, Philippines
    Alvarez, Rose Ann T. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2019-06)
    Banate Bay in Iloilo is one of the major food and occupation contributors in the Panay Island because of its rich biodiversity. This study investigated the phytoplankton assemblage and their diversity with respect to the contrasting seasons namely; December 2012 and June 2013 on the pre-selected nine (9) stations of the Coastal Ecosystem Conservation and Adaptive Management (CECAM) Project. Physicochemical parameters such as salinity, turbidity, DO, and pH did not display seasonality but total suspended solids (TSS) did, with increased values resulting from run-off from the surrounding watershed and rivers. Principal Component Analysis divided the stations during the two months into groups. Station B3 during June 2013 possessed low salinity level, low turbidity level, low pH level and a very high DO level. While the other stations during June 2013 and all the stations during December 2012 possessed higher salinity levels, higher turbidity levels, higher pH levels and lower DO levels. While the PC2 of PCA divided the stations according to the TSS levels and the temperature. All stations during December 2012 showed characteristics of higher TSS levels and lower temperatures while stations during June 2013 were observed to have low TSS levels and higher temperatures. A total of 86 genera falling under six families were identified from the samples, namely: bacillariophyceae (49 genera), dinophyceae (24 genera), cyanophyceae (6 genera), silicoflagellate (4 genera), chlorophyceae (1 genus), euglenophyceae (1 genus) and Miscellaneous (2 genera). In December 2012, a total of 84 genera were identified and 86 genera in June 2013. The top 10 genera with the highest mean densities were Bacteriastrum, Chaetoceros, Eutintinnus, Guinardia, Leptocylindricus, Lioloma, Protoperidinium, Thallasiothrix and Trichodesmium. Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed that water temperature and TSS were the most significant parameters influencing the distribution and seasonal shift in phytoplankton families and genera such as Bacillariophyceae, Others (composed of Euglenophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Myrionecta, and Globigerina), Protoperidinium, and Guinardia. pH and DO had minor influence on phytoplankton distribution. Shannon- Wiener diversity index as a pollution index suggested that the study area was incipiently polluted at stations Bl, B2, and B3 and marginally polluted at Stations B4, B5, GN1, GN2, GS1, and GS2. Despite potential effects of various human activities, the water quality and phytoplankton assemblage of this area has not reached an alarming situation. The current study provides valuable baseline data.
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    Physico-chemical analysis and assessment of river waters discharged by sugar milling companies in Negros Occidental
    Alger, Niña Xiamima A.; Arinzol, Shaira S.; Bobon, Steve Paolo P.; Daquilanea, Mikkaela C.; de Leon, Sarah C.; Hilado, Paolo C.; Lastica, Ariel C.; Manderico, Regine Viel D. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2010-03)
    This cross-sectional study was focused on the river waters discharged by six sugar milling companies in Negros Occidental. These companies utilize river water in order to operate and may alter the characteristics of the waters. This study aims to analyze and assess the physical characteristics, namely pH, oil and grease, temperature, salinity, turbidity, and color, and the chemical characteristics, namely biological oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (DO), ammonia, phosphorus, and lead content, of these waters in order to identify the alterations upon its usage, detect abnormal characteristics, and eventually determine possible environmental and health hazards. Three samplings were done for each river’s downstream and upstream portions. The following tests and instruments were performed and were used on the samples: pH Meter for pH, DO Meter for DO, Wrinkler’s Test for BOD, PE Ascorbic Acid Test for phosphorus, Spectrophotometry for turbidity, Phenate Test for Ammonia, Hand Refractometer for salinity, Visual Comparison for color, Digital Thermometer for temperature, Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry for lead content, and Petroleum Ether Extraction Method for oil and grease. It was discovered most of the discharged river waters apparently had decreased pH and DO and increased BOD, temperature, salinity, ammonia, phosphorus, turbidity, and oil and grease content. Lead was detected on the all of the downstream portions. The pH and DO of most of the discharged river waters were ostensibly below the acceptable values while the oil and grease, ammonia, phosphorus, salinity, and lead content were above the acceptable ones. Temperature, color, and turbidity were the only parameters which fell within the acceptable values. Therefore, there can seemingly be environmental and health hazards posed on the residents living downstream since they are having direct or indirect contact with the contaminated or polluted water. It is recommended that laws should be made with regards to how the residents use the water and that the implementation of existing laws should be strengthened. Lastly, it is strongly advised that the DENR should increase the number of parameters analyzed during their regular monitoring, that the SMCs should improve the treatment of the waters, and that the effects of farmlands and communities on the river should be identified.
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    Influence of lunar cycle and tidal fluctuation of gonadal maturity of green mussel (Pema viridis) in Inner Malampaya Sound, Taytay, Palawan
    Baldevieso, A.A.G. (University of the Philippines Visayas, 2018-07)
    This study aims to identify the ideal period of harvesting cultured green mussel (Perna viridis) in order to attain larger flesh to shell ratio in inner Malampaya Sound, Taytay, Palawan by investigating the gonadal maturity in relationship to lunar cycle, tides, physicochemical and water productivity parameters. Twenty green mussel samples undergo histological analysis of gonad and 50 samples were measured for body indices weekly from October 2017 to March 2018. Results showed that the body and gonad indices have significant positive correlation with slight higher values during the first quarter weeks, and during a day before the low low tides. The peak of spawning was recorded during October. After which, partial spawning was observed and starts during the weeks of full moon until new moon with a duration of 1-3 week. Thus, the gonadal development/maturity of green mussel in the study is influenced by lunar cycle and tidal fluctuations. Among the water parameters monitored, salinity, pH, and temperature have a significant difference in the monthly, and lunar weeks levels. Furthermore, the drop in salinity might trigger the peak spawning. Diatoms (91%) dominate the plankton composition in the sampling area followed by small percentage of dinoflagellates (4%), zooplankton (2%), and cyanobacteria (2%) and ciliates (1%). The genus Coscinodiscus has the highest percentage (97.73%) among the diatom genera, this species could be one of the major algal diet of green mussels in the area. On the other hand, there was no significant correlation between the gonad index and body indices to the physicochemical parameters and water productivity parameters. Based on body indices and gonad index values, the ideal period to harvest green mussel is during the first quarter weeks. One out of 540 samples was found to be hermaphrodite.