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    Fungal pathogen associated with Rhizophora stylosa: A comparative study between oiled and unoiled sites within Taklong Island National Marine Reserve (TINMAR), Nueva Valencia, Guimaras
    Balanga-an, Kristoffer (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2009-03)
    Mangroves, refer to an assemblage of trees and shrubs that inhabit the coastal intertidal zone in tropical and subtropical regions. They help in the soil formation, protection, and stabilization of our coastal environment as well as serve as shelter and breeding grounds for some of our marine organisms. A mangrove habitat represents the borderline between land and sea and is considered as one of the principal places where spilled oil and associated impacts converge. Oil spill threaten mangroves by predisposing the plants to fungal attacks thereby reducing their resistance to stress and diseases. Studies also show that certain fungi species are able to utilize oil in contaminated mangrove species. This study generally aims to compare the fungal population found on the diseased leaves of Rhizophora stylosa between oiled and unoiled sites in the Taklong Island National Marine Reserve (TINMAR). It also aims to isolate, characterize and identify fungi present in diseased leaves of Rhizophora stylosa using potato dextrose agar (PDA) culture media and determine their frequency of occurrence. Leaf samples were collected from two sites in TINMAR, one of which was contaminated by oil and the other one was not. Three trees were selected to represent each of the two sampling sites (oiled and unoiled), and to each of the selected trees, three diseased leaves were collected. The results of this study showed the dominance of some species of fungi namely, Aspergillus (40%), Penicillium (20%), Cladosporium (13.33%), Monilia (6.67%), Mycelia (6.67%), Humicola (6.67%), and Pestalotiopsis (6.67%). Five out of these seven genera were isolated from the unoiled site while six of these were isolated from the oiled site. Generally, the fungal population was observed to be greater in the oiled site than in the unoiled. This preliminary data indicate that R. stylosa might still be undergoing stress due to the remaining components of the spilled oil in the area. However, this can only be resolved by further monitoring.
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    Antimicrobial activity of macrofungal basidiomycetous mycelia against Vibrio spp.
    Bagacay, Jann Felnesh Exe V. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2023-06)
    Aquaculture is vital for global food security, producing 50% of the world’s fish. However, infectious diseases caused by fish pathogens like Vibrio species can lead to significant production losses. To address this issue, antimicrobial agents are commonly used. Macrofungal fruiting bodies and mycelia produce bioactive compounds with antimicrobial properties. This study aims to: (a) assess antimicrobial activity in isolated macrofungal samples against the fish bacterial pathogens Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio cholerae, (b) compare two methods (agar plug and crude extracts) for antimicrobial activity, (c) determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using agar well diffusion and the agar plug methods, and (d) identify the macrofungal isolate with the highest antimicrobial activity. Ten morphospecies were collected from the University of the Philippines Visayas Miagao Campus. The samples were evaluated using the agar plug and agar well diffusion methods. The results showed antimicrobial activity against Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The activity index ranged from 0 to 0.83 and 0.22 to 0.78 for agar wells, and 0 to 1.00 and 0.70 to 1.30 for agar plugs, against V cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus, respectively. Termitomyces globulus and Trametes sp. 1 exhibited the highest activity indices using the agar plug and agar well diffusion methods, respectively. Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences in antimicrobial activity against both test organisms. These findings demonstrate the potential of macrofungi as a valuable source of antimicrobial compounds for controlling fish pathogens in aquaculture. Further research could lead to the identification and utilization of these compounds to minimize production losses and improve disease management in aquaculture.
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    Nasal colonization and drug-resistance patterns of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis among young residents within the vicinity of Calajunan Dumpsite, Mandurriao, Iloilo City
    Aguila, Julex Rey; Biaoco, Christine; Gayatgay, Christian Faith; Ingalla, Lydimel; Macalalag, Florence Mae; Omar Al-Abdalla, Afnan; Tolentino, Joanna Rose; Torrilla, Marie Stephanie (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2011-03)
    Poor disposal and handling of wastes is one of the problems in developing countries as well as in urban places. Leachate, which includes potential pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, occurs when solid wastes adsorb moisture and may contaminate ground water sources. The increasing antibiotic resistance of these species poses a great risk to those exposed to the dumpsite. This study generally aimed to investigate nasal colonization by multidrug-resistant S. aureus and S. epidermidis in young residents of Barangay Calajunan, Mandurriao, Iloilo City and to evaluate the relationship between multidrug-resistance of S. aureus and S. epidermidis and possible risk factors such as direct exposure to the dumpsite, close contact with waste-pickers, antibiotic use, hospitalization, skin and soft-tissue infections, and personal hygiene. Nasal swabs were obtained from eighty-three young residents aged 5-14 years. Isolation and identification of Staphylococcus spp. were based on standard conventional biochemical methods such as mannitol fermentation, catalase and coagulase tests. Anti-staphylococcal agents for the detection of drug susceptibility patterns were penicillin G (10 units), oxacillin (1 µg), cefoxitin (30 μg), ampicillin (10 μg), vancomycin (30 μg), erythromycin (15 µg), tetracycline (30 µg), and clindamycin (2 µg). Of the fifty-one isolated presumptively identified staphylocococcal species, 92% (n=49) were identified as S. aureus and 4% (n=2) as S. epidermidis. The prevalence of nasal colonization of S. aureus and S. epidermidis among the study populace was 59% and 2.41%, respectively. Eighty-two percent (n=42) of the S. aureus isolates exhibited susceptibility to tetracycline, while 98% (n=48) exhibited resistance to ampicillin. One hundred percent (n=2) of the S. epidermidis isolates exhibited susceptibility to erythromycin and tetracycline, and resistance to penicillin G and ampicillin. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains were phenotypically determined based on non-sensitivity to two or more of the different antimicrobial classes. Sixty-one percent (n=31) of S. aureus isolates and 50% (n=2) of S. epidermidis were MDR strains. Of these staphylococcal isolates, 54.8% (n=17) were resistant to antimicrobials belonging to Penicillins and Glycopeptides with one isolate being S. epidermidis and 16 S. aureus. No significant association between multidrug resistance of S. aureus and S. epidermidis and the risk factors was observed among the study population (p>0.05), however, it was observed that those who bathed and washed more often were more likely to have both nasal colonization and multidrug resistance of S. aureus and S. epidermidis.