UPV Digital RepositoryUPV-DRUniversity of the Philippines Visayas
 

UPV Theses and Dissertations

Permanent URI for this communityhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14583/10

Browse

Filters

Settings

Adviser: search.filters.advisor.Sabada, Resurreccion B.SDG: search.filters.sdg.SDG 15 - Life on land

Search Results

Now showing 1 - 10 of 11
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Fungal pathogen associated with Rhizophora stylosa: A comparative study between oiled and unoiled sites within Taklong Island National Marine Reserve (TINMAR), Nueva Valencia, Guimaras
    Balanga-an, Kristoffer (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2009-03)
    Mangroves, refer to an assemblage of trees and shrubs that inhabit the coastal intertidal zone in tropical and subtropical regions. They help in the soil formation, protection, and stabilization of our coastal environment as well as serve as shelter and breeding grounds for some of our marine organisms. A mangrove habitat represents the borderline between land and sea and is considered as one of the principal places where spilled oil and associated impacts converge. Oil spill threaten mangroves by predisposing the plants to fungal attacks thereby reducing their resistance to stress and diseases. Studies also show that certain fungi species are able to utilize oil in contaminated mangrove species. This study generally aims to compare the fungal population found on the diseased leaves of Rhizophora stylosa between oiled and unoiled sites in the Taklong Island National Marine Reserve (TINMAR). It also aims to isolate, characterize and identify fungi present in diseased leaves of Rhizophora stylosa using potato dextrose agar (PDA) culture media and determine their frequency of occurrence. Leaf samples were collected from two sites in TINMAR, one of which was contaminated by oil and the other one was not. Three trees were selected to represent each of the two sampling sites (oiled and unoiled), and to each of the selected trees, three diseased leaves were collected. The results of this study showed the dominance of some species of fungi namely, Aspergillus (40%), Penicillium (20%), Cladosporium (13.33%), Monilia (6.67%), Mycelia (6.67%), Humicola (6.67%), and Pestalotiopsis (6.67%). Five out of these seven genera were isolated from the unoiled site while six of these were isolated from the oiled site. Generally, the fungal population was observed to be greater in the oiled site than in the unoiled. This preliminary data indicate that R. stylosa might still be undergoing stress due to the remaining components of the spilled oil in the area. However, this can only be resolved by further monitoring.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Antimicrobial activity of macrofungal basidiomycetous mycelia against Vibrio spp.
    Bagacay, Jann Felnesh Exe V. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2023-06)
    Aquaculture is vital for global food security, producing 50% of the world’s fish. However, infectious diseases caused by fish pathogens like Vibrio species can lead to significant production losses. To address this issue, antimicrobial agents are commonly used. Macrofungal fruiting bodies and mycelia produce bioactive compounds with antimicrobial properties. This study aims to: (a) assess antimicrobial activity in isolated macrofungal samples against the fish bacterial pathogens Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio cholerae, (b) compare two methods (agar plug and crude extracts) for antimicrobial activity, (c) determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using agar well diffusion and the agar plug methods, and (d) identify the macrofungal isolate with the highest antimicrobial activity. Ten morphospecies were collected from the University of the Philippines Visayas Miagao Campus. The samples were evaluated using the agar plug and agar well diffusion methods. The results showed antimicrobial activity against Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The activity index ranged from 0 to 0.83 and 0.22 to 0.78 for agar wells, and 0 to 1.00 and 0.70 to 1.30 for agar plugs, against V cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus, respectively. Termitomyces globulus and Trametes sp. 1 exhibited the highest activity indices using the agar plug and agar well diffusion methods, respectively. Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences in antimicrobial activity against both test organisms. These findings demonstrate the potential of macrofungi as a valuable source of antimicrobial compounds for controlling fish pathogens in aquaculture. Further research could lead to the identification and utilization of these compounds to minimize production losses and improve disease management in aquaculture.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Community structure of mangroves in selected barangays in Sebaste, Antique
    Alorro, Mary Juandin Grace F. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2007-03)
    Mangroves are higher plants that are primarily found predominantly in the intertidal areas such as estuaries and lagoons of the tropical and subtropical shorelines. This study was conducted to assess the community structure of mangroves in Barangay Callan, Barangay Idio, Barangay Poblacion, Barangay Abiera, and Barangay Bacalan, Sebaste, Antique, using the transect line method. Specifically, it aimed to determine selected physical and chemical factors such as salinity, pH, temperature for water and soil as well as characterization of the substrate; identify and classify true mangrove species present in the area; and describe the community structure in terms of stand basal area, stems per hectare, relative density, relative frequency, relative dominance, importance value, Shannon index of diversity, zonation patterns, seedling and sapling density. No study has been done to document the community structure of mangroves in Sebaste, Antique thus, this study was done to provide vital information needed for its proper management. Three stations were selected in Sebaste, Antique. Four (4) species of true mangroves were identified, belonging to three (3) families: Palmae - Nypa fruticans; Rhizophoraceae - Rhizophora apiculata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza; and Euphorbiaceae - Excoecaria agallocha. The study area had a water salinity range of 0.6 ppt to 15.3 ppt; water temperature range of 28.3°C to 35.4°C; water pH range of 7.1 to 7.7; soil temperature range of 28.3°C to 34.7°C; and soil pH range of 6.5 to 7.2. Basal area ranges from 3.16 m2/ha (Rhizophora apiculata) to 5.88 m2/ha (Excoecaria agallochd) to 8.19 m2/ha (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza) . The species with the highest average of stems per hectare were Excoecaria agallocha and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza with 300 as well as the highest average density value of 100 for Excoecaria agallocha. Nypa fruticans had the highest relative frequency and relative dominance. Among the four species, the most important species was Nypa fruticans. The Shannon Index of Dominance was 0.403 which was quite low in terms of diversity as influenced by the dominance of Nypa fruticans.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Antibacterial activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of selected basidiomycetes from UPV, Miagao, Iloilo Philippines
    Ambubuyog, Marja Victoria U. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2013-03)
    The Basidiomycetes represent an enormous source for natural products with diverse chemical structures and wideranging antimicrobial activity. This study was done to investigate the antibacterial property of selected species of basidiomycetes aqueous and methanolic extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Specifically, it aimed to (1) determine the antibacterial activity of the aqueous extract of selected species of basidiomycetes in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa based on the zone of inhibition; (2) determine the antibacterial activity of the methanolic extract of selected species of basidiomycetes in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa based on the zone of inhibition; and (3) compare the aqueous and methanolic extracts of selected species of basidiomycetes in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa based on the zone of inhibition. A total number of ten species were collected namely Auricularia sp., Schizophyllum sp., Trametes pubescens, Trametes versicolor, Trametes elegans, Ganoderma sp.(l), Ganoderma sp.(2), Stereum sp. and two unknowns. Dried samples were crushed and extracted with water and methanol. Antibacterial activity was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The results showed a negative to weak inhibition against the test microorganisms which is inconsistent with the results of previous studies. It could possibly be attributed to the preparation of the samples and the fruiting body maturity that influenced the antibacterial potential of the samples. It appears that fruiting bodies used in the present study may not be reliable sources of bioactive compounds for antibacterial activity.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Species composition and distribution of mangrove soil fungi from Iloilo River, Iloilo City, Philippines
    Almoros, Peter Paul C. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2018-06)
    Fungi are very diverse and ubiquitous microorganisms. Fungal diversity is an important aspect of the ecosystem that needs to be studied. There have been many studies regarding biodiversity of fungi in terrestrial, marine and riverine environments, but studies regarding fungi found in mangrove soil still needs to be done. This study focused on determining the species composition, distribution and ecology of mangrove soil fungi in the Iloilo River, Iloilo City. Soil fungi were sampled from three areas in the river representing the downstream, midstream and upstream areas. Fungal isolates were identified based on morphological characteristics- cultural and microscopic features. There were 10 identified fungal species -Aspergillus cf. flavus, Aspergillus cf. niger, Aspergillus cf. ustus, Aspergillus cf. versicolor, Aspergillus sp. (1), Aspergillus sp. (2) and Aspergillus sp. (3), Geotrichum cf. candidum, Penicillium cf. citrinum and Penicillium sp. (1), while there were 2 unidentified species. Three of these species were very frequent across the sites -Aspergillus cf. flavus, Geotrichum cf. candidum and Penicillium cf. citrinum.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Short-term impacts of oil spills on fungal population in a mangrove area in Batad, Iloilo
    Alpas, Donna Bella C. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2014-04)
    Oil spills cause extensive damage on the marine environment, ranging from obliteration of its flora and fauna to biomagnifications of toxic components of petroleum. The location of mangroves at the sea-land interface makes the ecosystem susceptible to disturbances such as oil spills. There is a considerable information on the impacts of oil spills on mangrove while impacts on microbial populations, especially fungi, are limited. This study therefore assessed the effect of oil on the diversity and distribution of fungi of oil-contaminated sites in Batad, Iloilo due to Power Barge oil spill last November 8, 2013. The mangrove surface sediments were collected on January 11, 2014 at oil-contaminated sites in Batad, Iloilo and uncontaminated site in Ajuy, Iloilo. Sample were processed based on Pepper and Gerba (2004). Colony forming units per gram of soil (CFU/g) was used to express yeasts and filamentous fungi. On PDA medium, more fungal isolates were isolated at oil-contaminated site compared with uncontaminated site at 14 and 12 species respectively, there was also a higher Shannon Index of Diversity at 2.4858 and 2.4582, respectively. Among the filamentous fungi, three genera were represented by Aspergillus. Penicillium, and Cladosporium. However, Aspergillus was more diverse with 10 species. Six species were found only at the oil-contaminated sites - Aspergillus sp 2. Aspergillus sp 1, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Penicillium sp 2, Penicillium sp 3 and Yeast sp 2 while four species are found in the unoiled site - Penicillium cf. lapidosum, Aspergillus sp 3, Aspergillus sp 4 Penicillium sp 1. Furthermore, there is a low index of similarity as shown by Jaccards coefficient of similarity (J=0.44) and Sorensen coefficient of similarity ( C=0.61). Fungal load was higher at oil-contaminated soils compared with uncontaminated soils at 1.3 x 10 - CFU/g and 6.0 x IO3 CFU/g, respectively. Bushnell Haas Agar yielded more fungi isolates isolated from oil-contaminated sites compared with uncontaminated site of 4 and 3 species respectively. Furthermore, a higher Shannon Index Diversity (H) was observed at oil-contaminated sites (1.3298) than those at uncontaminated site (0.6364) suggesting that there are more species of fungi capable to degrade the hydrocarbons and utilize it as a source of energy. The overall frequency of distribution of the major fungal genera in both oil-contaminated and uncontaminated sites showed that only Dueteromycota was isolated and dominated in both sites and in both media, the PDA and Bushnell Haas Agar. The major genera isolated in PDA medium included Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, and yeast. In Bushnell Haas Agar, Aspergillus and yeast were the major genera isolated and are seen in both sites. The frequency of occurrence of various species in uncontaminated and oil-contaminated sites were not significantly different. The Deuteromycota were the dominant group that were isolated on all sites using two media. The overall result indicate the stimulating effect of oil are observed in the higher fungal load in oil- contaminated site.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Living above and belowground biomass and carbon stock assessment of station 1, Taklong Island, Taklong Island National Marine Reserve, Guimaras, Philippines
    Alegado, Alexis Jude T. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2018-06)
    The Taklong National Marine Reserve is one of the marine protected sites in the country with a good cover of mangroves. This study assessed the species composition, diversity, aboveground biomass and the estimated carbon of the natural mangrove forest found in Taklong Island Station 1. Barangay Lapaz. Nueva Valencia. Guimaras. The study aimed to: a.) map out the area of the selected mangrove patches, b.) identify the species composition and diversity of the sampling site, c.) quantify the aboveground and belowground biomass, carbon stock of live vegetations, and d.) to convert the carbon stock to carbon dioxide equivalence (CO₂e) of the selected station. This study is only limited to the estimation of living aboveground, belowground and the carbon stock using the published allometric equations. Only 7 species of mangroves were found in the site belonging to 3 families. The mean stand basal area was 21.47 m2 ha-1. The species diversity is low at 0.23 due to low speciation of species of mangroves on the site. The total aboveground biomass was 506.89 Mg ha-1 and carbon dioxide emission potential (CO₂e) of 2,498.15Mg CO₂e. This shows that mangrove in Station 1 of Taklong Island has stored a considerable amount of carbon overtime. Hence, there must be a proper management and protection of this ecosystem.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Fungal pathogens associated with Sonneratia alba: A comparative study between oiled and unoiled sites within Taklong Island National Marine Reserve (TINMAR), Nueva Valencia, Guimaras
    Albacete, May Therese F. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2009-03)
    Majority of researches on impacts of oil spills on mangroves focused on the immediate post-spill acute effects. However, the persistence of oil in sediments at oil spill sites has been reported in a number of published works. As such, this remaining oil could serve as source of stress to mangroves resulting into the expression of sub-lethal effects such as changes in foliage and canopy, abnormalities in reproductive structures among others. Furthermore, oil in mangroves also has the potential of increasing fungal attacks due to their impairment of natural defense mechanisms such as salt removal from leaves and trunks. Thus, this study was conducted to determine if there was a difference in fungal species composition and frequency of occurrence of fungal population of mangrove leaves collected in oiled and unoiled areas within Taklong Island National Marine Reserve, Nueva Valencia, Guimaras following the spill that occurred in August I1,2006. Fungi from diseased leaves of Sonneratia alba were isolated and characterized using Acidified Potato Dextrose Agar (APDA) for samples collected in January 2009 only. A total of 7 and 6 species were identified from among the isolates in oiled and unoiled sites. Although there is a little difference in species composition, almost all the isolated species was frequently occurring in both oiled and uncoiled sites. Gliomastix morurom (5.8%) in the unoiled site was only frequently occurring. The results may imply that difference in frequency of occurrence of certain species might be an indicator for sub-lethal effects of oil but needs further investigations to consider environmental factors among other factors.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Density of mangrove trees in selected municipalities in the Province of Antique, Panay Island, Philippines
    Arelis, Ian Jerwin C. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2006-03)
    Mangroves line one quarter of the world’s tropical coastlines, and approximately 117 countries and territories have mangrove resources within their borders. Although over recent years mangrove deforestation has occurred at a phenomenal rate worldwide, constant assessment in the Philippines has been made to monitor its current status. To characterize the density of mangrove trees better in Panay Island, surveys were undertaken within the coastal and riverine estuaries in the 11 municipalities of the province of Antique. Detailed records were taken by transect and ocular surveys along 40 barangays with 75 transects and 223 plots established. The mangroves of Antique were composed of 31 species of true mangroves belonging to 14 families and a total of 16 generas. Considerable values in terms of relative density and stems per hectare were found with Nypa fruticans as the highest, with a relative density of 70.372% trees per hectare and an average stem density of 4,457.249 stems/ha. Other significant species included Sonneratia alba (4.534%; 625 stems/ha), Avicennia marina (4.524%; 1,525 stems/ha), and Rhizophora apiculata (4.232%; 50 stems/ha). Close examination of the data suggested the variability of distribution patterns and density to be attributable to the differing responses of individual species to the environmental factors and other human activities. It was also concluded that habitat classification and topography could directly affect mangrove distribution and also capable of altering basic zonation patterns.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Changes in prop roots and Pneumatophores of selected oiled mangrove trees in selected areas of TINMAR, Nueva Valencia, Guimaras
    Alvarez, Maria Francesca D. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2009-05)
    On August 11, 2006, the oil tanker M/T Solar I, carrying more than two million liters of bunker fuel, sank at the Guimaras Strait off the coast of the Guimaras and Negros Occidental provinces, causing some 500,000 liters of oil to pour into the strait. This resulted to the oiling of surrounding marine habitats including the mangroves in Taklong Island National Marine Reserve (TINMAR). The present paper reports on the monthly monitoring of changes exhibited by the prop roots and pneumatophores of four mangrove species, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora stylosa, and Sonneratia alba, in selected oiled and unoiled areas of TINMAR due to the oil spill. This study aimed to analyze changes in the physical appearance or abnormalities obtained by mangrove aerial root structures affected by the oil spill and the survival rate and different stress responses of prop roots and pneumatophores after an oil spill covering a six month period which started August 2007 until February 2008. Specifically, the number of prop roots and pneumatophores, adventitious aerial roots, abnormal branching of prop root tips, fissuring or pealing of periderm, death of prop root tips, twisted or curling of pneumatophores, adventitious pneumatophores, and abnormal pneumatophores. Changes in the said parameters may indicate stress caused by oil. Generally, the oiled mangroves showed a higher percentage of changes in terms of the number of adventitious, abnormal branching and dead prop root tips as compared to the unoiled control site which exhibited a very small or no change in the growth of prop roots. Fissuring of periderm for both Rhizophora stylosa and Rhizophora mucronata was observed only in the oiled sites. There was a minimal difference in the percentage of abnormal, adventitious, and twisting or curling of pneumatophores in oiled and unoiled sites whereas a higher percentage was exhibited in Taklong oiled site. The physical and morphological changes exhibited by the prop roots and pneumatophores as a result of a mangrove’s adaptive mechanism due to stress caused by oil are useful indicators for long term monitoring.