UPV Theses and Dissertations
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Item Survival and growth of juvenile sea cucumber Holothuria scabra Jaeger (1833) in shrimp pond sedimentBriones, Jill D. (2012-03)Many high valued sea cucumbers e.g. Holothuria scabra are detritivores and thrive on organic matter and thus are potential bioremediating agents in eutrophic systems e.g. aquaculture ponds. Sea cucumbers cultured in shrimp ponds would act as natural bioremediators and lessen the organic matter content of the sediments hence make the pond environment more favorable for shrimp culture. This study looks at the feasibility of growing sea cucumbers in pond sediments for their bioremediating role and for their economic value. In this study, growth and survival of hatchery-produced H.scabra juveniles in Bare substrate (Treatment 1), Sand from natural habitat (Treatment 2) and Shrimp Pond sediment (Treatment 3) were compared after 5 weeks of culture. This study demonstrates that it is feasible to grow H. scabra juveniles in shrimp pond sediments without compromising their survival (p > 0.05). Results showed that those reared in Pond sediment grew best and significantly better compared to the other treatments (ANOVA, p<0.05). Juveniles grown in Pond sediment increased from mean weight of 3g to 14g while in the other treatments they just grew from mean of 2.7g to 8.7g. The consistently higher organic matter in Pond sediment could have contributed to better growth of sea cucumbers relative to other treatments. The bioremediating role of sea cucumbers was indicated by significant reduction in organic matter content in pond sediment by Week 5.Item Meiofaunal assemblages in the mangrove habitat in Taklong Island, Nueva Valencia, GuimarasBocoran, Mary Grace G. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 1999-03)Meiofauna are metazoans that can pass through a sieve with a mesh of 0.5mm but retained in a mesh of 0.063mm sieve. These organism are interesting to benthic scientist due to its capacity to determine the extent of pollution in the area and its role in the food web of an ecosystem. This study aims (1) to come up with a list of meiofaunal species present in the mangrove substratum, (2) to determine its density and abundance, and (3) to describe the meiofaunal environment in terms of temperature, salinity , pH, and oxygen content. The study was conducted in the mangrove habitat in Taklong Island Guimaras in February 1997. Thirty core samples were collected with a modified PVC core ( diameter=2.0 cm, length=15cm) from 3 areas: seaward, middle, and landward portions of the mangrove. There were eight broad groupings of meiofauna considered: nematodes, copepods, malacostracans, polychaetes, gastrotrichs, kinorhynchs, sipunculids, and others (including forams). The nematodes, of which there were 2 species observed, were the most abundant and comprised 42.14%. The copepods had 3 species observed and comprised 31.05%, 2 species of polychaetes comprised 5.04%,2species of gastrotrychs comprised 3.86% and malacostracans were 6.66%, kinorhynchs were 3.26%, and sipunculids were 0.89%. Unidentified organism which included foraminiferans, were 8.01 %. Range of meiofaunal density (number of individuals per cm'3 ) in three transects were 0.0042-0.1549 in the seaward area,0.0085-0.0785 in the middle area and 0.0021-0.0679 in the landward area. The nematodes had the highest density, and the sipunculids had the lowest density from the seaward to the landward area.Item Diversity and population structure of sea cucumber species in Taklong Island Marine Reserve, GuimarasBearnod, Christine F. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2014-04)The increasing demand of sea cucumbers in the market leads to the global exploitation of this animal. Marine reserve protects the marine biodiversity and teaches the people in the communities to manage their marine resources wisely. This study examined the diversity, species characteristics and population structure of sea cucumbers in five sites around Taklong Island Marine Reserve namely, Binabaywan, Kalirohan, south side of 2nd sandbar, north side of 2nd sandbar and Tarakpan. The species composition and abundance were determined through transect walks and plot along transects. Sea cucumber density was estimated by randomly positioned 1 square meter plots in each site. There were 11 sea cucumber species found. There were 9 species under Order Aspidochirota all in 1 Family Holothuriidae and 2 species in Order Apodida in 1 Family Synaptidae. A total of 64 individuals were sampled in 5 sites. The most widespread and the dominant species was the non-commercially valuable Synapta maculata (n = 32) followed by the low-value Holothuria pulla (n = 9) and Holothuria atra (n = 8). Kalirohan had the most number of species (Σs = 6) and individuals of sea cucumbers. The low number of holothurian species encountered in the Marine Reserve might be due to the limited sites surveyed, cryptic behaviour of the species and the possibility of poaching in the area.Item Growth and nutritional content of red seaweed Gracilaria bailinae (Zhang et. al., 1995) grown under different fertilization schemeAlmojuela, Kristine Marie T. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2012-04)The accelerated development of fish aquaculture has caused many environmental problems. The most evident effects resulting from this activity is the increase in organic material, the reduction in dissolved oxygen and the excessive rise in inorganic nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous and carbon dioxide. The integration of seaweeds to fed cultured species has long been recognized as promising approach to reduce the excess nutrients released by aquaculture activity. The nitrogen and phosphate uptake kinetics, growth and nutritional content of the seaweed Gracilaria bailinae were studied in a series of outdoor tanks, fertilized with commercial fertilizer (NH4CI, NaNO3, and Na2HPO4) and shrimp culture waste water. The nutritional content of G. bailinae before and after fertilization was also determined through proximate analysis. Results showed a significant removal of dissolved nutrients by G. bailinae, although definite uptake rate could not be determined since the data were erratic and Michaelis-Menten model could not be applied. Seaweeds fertilized with shrimp waste water showed best specific growth rate (1.37±0.2 % d-1) over other fertilization scheme. This suggests that shrimp pond effluents could promote good growth on G. bailinae. Local G. bailinae had high protein content per se (14%) but became more enhanced when fertilized with commercial or shrimp waste water (23-32%). In contrast, its carbohydrate content dropped when heavily fertilized from 39% to 19%.Item Echinoid and Ophiuroid species in Taklong Island National Marine Reserve (TINMR), GuimarasAlmira, Eugenie Marie A. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2015-06)Taklong Island National Marine Reserve (TINMR) in Guimaras is one of the Philippines’ marine protected sites established to ensure continuity and productivity of marine organisms such as echinoderms. The study aims to determine the community structure of echinoid and ophiuroid species in selected shallow coastal sites around Taklong Island within TINMR. Sampling was done twice (June 2014 and Jan 2015) using belt transect method for echinoid species in three selected sites and random quadrat method for ophiuroid species in two sites. A total of twelve (12) echinoid and six (6) ophiuroid species were recorded. The most numerous echinoid and ophiuroid were Echinotrix calamaris and Ophiocoma erinaceus, respectively. The diversity of echinoids (H’= 0.37-0.95) and ophiuroids (H’= 0.53-1.40) in Taklong Island was relatively low. Presence and abundances of many echinoids and ophiuroids in a site varied with sampling time. Variation may be due to differences in substrate characteristics such as sea grass cover and coral cover as well as environmental factors.Item Effects of freezing and thawing on some agar parameters of Eucheuma spinosum and Gracilaria confervoidesAbelende, Ma. Orfa R. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 1995-05)Agar was extracted from two agar-containing red algae species, namely Gracilaria confervoides and Eucheuma spinosum. Qualitative assessment was made on the agar extracts, which included percentage yield, gel strength, syneresis, and hysteresis range. The quality of agar extracts derived from this study was compared to commercial agar-agar. The. effects of each parameters, repeated freezing and thawing on agar were also investigated. Qualitative test showed that percentage yield from Gracilaria was higher than Eucheuma. Gel strength and hysteresis range of agar from commercial sources and Gracilaria were higher compared to Eucheuma. On the other hand, syneresis range was highest in Eucheuma agar. Repeated freezing and thawing lowered percentage yield and syneresis but increased gel strength and hysteresis of agar extracts from agar sources used.Item Species composition and food preference of fishes in two seagrass beds in Taklong Island, GuimarasApostol, Archie E. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 1997-08)Seagrass bed is known as one of the most important biological system that serves as nursery areas, resting and hiding place of small organisms and feeding ground for fishes. Investigations on population structure and composition of fishes have been done to monitor species diversity, abundance, and distribution in seagrass ecosystem. However, few studies have related food preference to community structure. This study aims to determine the species composition and food preference of fishes in Bagatnan and Kalirohan seagrass beds in Taklong Island, Guimaras. Once-a-month sampling in Taklong Island was conducted during the months of October, November, and December 1996. The collection of fishes was done using gill net. It was casted —50 meters from the shore and parallel to the shore during high tide and hauled during the next low tide. All gathered fishes were measured and preserved in 10% formalin. For stomach content analysis, stomachs of fishes were excised, preserved and brought to the laboratory for analysis. Contents were flushed out from the stomach, sorted and identified to major groups (as food items). Based on the results of the study,Siganus fuscecens, Scarus psittacus, and Dichistodus chrysopoecilus were the most abundant species of fish collected in Bagatnan and Kalirohan seagrass beds Kalirohan had a slightly higher species diversity and species richness value than Bagatnan. Most of the fishes caught were omnivores and this feeding mode was clearly reflected in the results of the stomach content analyses Also, the most abundant and common species (e.g. S. fuscecens & Dischistodus spp) had various food items on their stomach. Seagrass blades, algae, foraminiferans and other seagrass-associated organisms (e g. fishes, sipunculids, crustaceans and molluscs) were present in the stomach of many species. Of these, foraminiferans are the most frequently encountered among the food items. A few species fed on single item such as Synodus variegatus, Atherioromorus sp. and Amanses scopes which were found to feed exclusively on fish, algae and seagrass respectively. Although factors like type of fishing gear used and its mesh size and the time of sampling may have biased the kind and size of fish collected, it was clear that the extent of seagrass cover and availability of other food sources (algae and meio- & macrofauna) have influenced the abundance, species diversity & richness and the food consumed (and perhaps, also preferred) by the fish fauna.Item Anti-microbial activity of aqueous extracts from selected Philippine soft coral speciesAguilar, Remotito A. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 1994-03)Five species of soft corals were collected from Taklong Islands Guimaras and then extracted with water. The aqueous extract was assayed for anti- microbial activity. Potent extracts were tested for its minimal inhibitory concentration against the most sensitive microorganisms. The equivalent potency was also determined using PEN VK as the standard antibiotic. Lobophyton was found to inhibit S. aureus at 50% concentration of the aqueous extract (ATCC 25923) while Sinuloria. sp. was found to inhibit the growth of both S. aureus (ATCC 25923) and B. subtilis (NSRI-1). Aqueous extracts of Lobophyton sp.has an equipotency of 6.64 units/ml of PEN VK against S. aureus, whereas aqueous extracts of Sinulcria sp. has a potency of 104 units/ml of PEN VK against B. subtilis.Item Effects of pH and salinity on growth and survival of juvenile sea cucumber Holothuria scabra (Jaeger, 1833)Abagat, Christian M. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2012-03)Sea cucumber aquaculture could provide a solution to both enhance declining wild sea cucumber populations through restocking and provide sufficient beche-de-mer product to satisfy the increasing Asian market demand. The growth and survival of hatchery-reared Holothuria scabra juveniles at different pH-salinity levels were investigated. Juveniles were exposed for 14 days in six pH-salinity levels: Trt 1 (pH 6.5 — 6.7, 26-28 %o), Trt 2 (pH 6.5 - 6.7, normal salinity), Trt 3 (pH 7.0 - 7.2, 26-28 %o), Trt 4 (pH 7.0 — 7.2, normal salinity), Trt 5 (normal pH, 26-28 %o) and Trt 6 (normal pH, normal salinity) as the control. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) with repeated measurements revealed that pH and salinity had a significant effect on growth (length, width, and weight) and survival of H. scabra juveniles. Slight seawater desalination combined with high acidification (pH: 6.5-6.7) had lethal effects on H. scabra juveniles. While H. scabra juveniles could be reared in seawater with pH ≥ 7.0- 7.2 and salinity ≥ 26-28 %o, ambient seawater conditions remained the most suitable in rearing H. scabra juveniles for optimum growth and survival.Item Behavior pattern of hatchery-produced sea cucumber Bohadschia marmorata (Jaeger, 1833) juveniles upon releaseArcenas, Jascha S. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2017-06)This study reports on the behavior of hatchery-reared Bohadschia marmorata juveniles upon release in two different microhabitat types within TINMR: a bare sand patch (TALISAY) and a seagrass vegetated area (BANAGO) during high tide and low tide. Percentage of burrowed juveniles, burying rates, traveled distances, speeds, and direction of movement were determined hourly over a 3-hr period. Results show that more than half of the juveniles released at the vegetated microhabitat displayed burrowing behavior at both tidal conditions. The mean percentage of burrowed individuals differed significantly with tides and their interaction with the microhabitat. Juveniles released at barren microhabitats yielded the highest burying rates (9 animals hr-1) and percentage of burrowed individuals. Coarse sand substrates with poor organic matter content induced mobility of Bohadschia marmorata. Results from the release experiments suggest that seagrass beds may be a potential release site for tropical species like Bohadschia marmorata.