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    Continuity and change: A generational comparison of the social representations of Martial Law in the Philippines (1972-1986)
    Bandoy, Laarni Lee V.; Mecenas, Eunice Marinelle Pamela C. (Division of Social Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2023-07)
    A nation’s understanding of past events has implications on its national identity since it provides a point of commonality and continuation especially for nationally significant events. For the Philippines, this would be the Martial Law Period (1972-1986). Social psychological inquiries into the representation of military7 dictatorship were explored through the construct of collective memories, and previous studies on the representations of history have found that they arc aligned with Mannheim’s theory of generational effects. The current study intended to explore the generational differences in the social representations of Martial Law in the Philippines using a structural approach to Moscovici’s Social Representation Theory. Employing a mixed-method approach, this study made use of the Hierarchical Evocation Model to analyze the data collected. The findings of this study show that there is both continuity and change in the social representations of the two generational cohorts who experienced and did not experience living through the Martial Law Period. The social representations of both cohorts were grounded on concepts like politics, power, and social values such as human rights and freedom. One difference was how their social representations of the Martial Law Period were structured since the younger cohort lacked a central core, indicating a gradual change of social representations of the period over time. The way the period was objectified also differed, as the older cohort mentioned a larger selection of socio-economic changes during the period, and the younger cohort mentioned concepts of democracy and the EDSA Revolution. This study supports the generational effects conceptualized by Mannheim (1952), reflects the convergence of social representations of two generations through time as observed by Montiel (2010), and may be useful in identifying the changes in the social representations of the Martial Law Period because of historical distortion.
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    Reliability and validity of the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) Filipino version
    Ang, Louise Victoria T.; Aquino, Kristina Mikhaela M. (Division of Social Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2023-06)
    Resilience is defined as the ability to bounce back from a difficult event. Among the existing resilience measures, the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) is distinct in assessing resilience as an individual’s ability to bounce back rather than the resources that contribute to their resilience. However, the BRS’ cultural consideration was also found to be limited. Hence, the purpose of this study was to translate the BRS into Filipino and evaluate the reliability and validity of its scores. The psychometric properties of the scale were evaluated in a heterogenous sample of 561 Filipino adults. Cronbach's Alpha was measured to provide evidence of the score's internal consistency. While confirmatory factor analysis was done to provide evidence of structural validity. Moreover, to provide support of convergent, divergent, and discriminant validity in relation to other resilience measures (Brief Resilience Scale, and Connor Davidson Resilience Scale-10) and to variables such as emotions (Life Orientation Test — Revised), perceived social support (Interpersonal Support Evaluation List-12), anxiety, and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), correlation analysis and discriminant functional analysis was conducted. The BRS-F scores showed adequate reliability (a = 0.753). Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the BRS Filipino version is mono factorial (x2/df= 0.004; CFI= 0.969 >0.95; goodness of fit index= 0.998 > .90). Correlation analysis showed adequate evidence of convergent validity while providing new insights on divergent and discriminant validity. Thus, the Filipino version of the BRS is a valid and reliable means to assess resilience as the ability to bounce back among a Filipino population.