Undergraduate Special Problem

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The community structure of mangroves in Ivisan, Capiz
Bermoy, Gian Carlo A. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2004-04)
The structure of the mangrove community in Ivisan, Capiz was studied using the transect line plot method with fifteen plots established. This study aims to assess the community structure of mangroves in Barangay Agustin Navarra and Barangay Balaring, Ivisan, Capiz using accepted ecological indicators. Community structure is described in terms of the following parameters: basal area, stems per hectare, relative density, relative frequency, relative dominance, importance value of the species, and the Shannon Index of Diversity. Variations in these parameters are correlated with certain physico-chemical factors such as air and water temperature, soil pH, and water salinity. Little study has been done to document the mangroves in Barangay Agustin Navarra and Barangay Balaring, Ivisan, Capiz. This is the first systematic study done in the area; thus, the present study will provide vital information needed for its proper management. A total of nineteen true mangrove species represented by ten families were identified on Barangay Agustin Navarra and Barangay Balaring, Ivisan, Capiz. The true mangroves consisted of Aegiceras corniculatum, Avicennia alba, Avicennia marina, Avicennia officinales, Avicennia rumphiana, Bruguiera cylindrica, Bruguiera parviflora, Camptostemon philippinensis, Ceriops decandra, Exoecaria agallocha, Nypa fruticans, Osbornia octodonta, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora stylosa, Sonneratia alba, Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea, Xylocarpus granatum and Xylocarpus moluccensis. All the species were present in Station 1 except Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea. The species present in Station 2 and in both stations were Avicennia marina, Avicennia rumphiana, Exoecaria agallocha, Osbornia oclodonta, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea, and Sonneratia alba. Avicennia marina has the overall highest relative density of 340 trees per hectare, relative frequency of 22%, relative dominance of 266.655%, and importance value of 628.841%. Seedlings and saplings of Avicennia marina dominate the area indicating that the mangrove community is young and regenerating stand. Barangay Agustin Navarra has the highest index of diversity of 0.87 while Barangay Balaring has an index of diversity of 0.47. The overall index of diversity is 0.674.
Preliminary assessment of forest canopy and seedling condions of mangroves in oil affected areas in Taklong Island National Marine Reserve, Guimaras
Benitez, Zaina Lei Licaniel (2007-04)
Mangroves are important ecologically and economically in coastal areas in tropica] and sub-tropical areas in the world. However, they continue to be under threat from various human activities either directly or indirectly. The recent oil spill off the coast of southern Guimaras has brought numerous damages to these critical habitats including the mangroves in Taklong Island National Marine Reserve. This study is part of the over all Oil Spill Assessment program conducted by University of the Philippines in the Visayas following the sinking of M.T. Solar 1. This study aimed to determine the effect of oil spill on shoot development as an indicator of health conditions of trees and seedlings of selected mangroves such as Aegiceras floridum, Avicenia marina, Rhizophora apiculata Rhizophora , Rhizophora stylosa, and Sonneratia alba, in Taklong Island National Marine Reserve. Specifically, it aims to determine 1) standing leaves, 2) new leaves, 3) leaf scars of trees and seedlings. Results showed that shoot development among trees were not significantly different between oiled and unoiled sites but closer examination of species response revealed significant differences on standing leaves and new leaves only. Seedling shoot development showed a consistent significant difference among species and between sites. Aegiceras floridum and Sonneratia alba were least affected as shown by the higher number of standing leaves and least number of leaf scar while the Rhizophora spp. and Avicennia marina had the greatest number of leaf scars and least number of standing leaves. Results of this study showed that seedlings are clearly under stress and are more sensitive to oiling than trees although species response also varied individually. While tree species such as the Rhizophora spp. (e.g. R. apiculata, R. stylosa and R. mucronata) appear to be the most sensitive compared with Aegiceras floridum, Avicennia marina and Sonneratia alba. Results of this study will be useful in providing new knowledge on the evaluation of impacts of oil spills on mangroves.
Abundance, composition and distribution of phytoplankton in Mindoro Strait
Bayona, Riena Rose M. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2008-04)
Phytoplankton in Mindoro Strait, north of Palawan, were investigated from the samples taken last April-May 2007. Twenty stations were selected from over 40 stations surveyed. Samples were collected by filtering 50L of surface waters through 20 micrometer mesh plankton net using a 10L bucket. Phytoplankton assemblage was grouped into four major taxa. Diatoms dominated the area. It recorded the highest mean density of 314.9indivL-1. It was followed by blue green algae that noted a mean density of 165.69indivL-1. The next most abundant was dinoflagellates that recorded a mean density of 51.59indivL-1 and then the group of silicoflagellates. It recoded 35.69indivL-1 mean density. The top three species were Trichodesmium, Thalasiothrix and Isthmia. Protoperidinium represented the dinoflagellates among the top genera while Eutintinnus recorded the highest silicoflagellate. Higher concentrations were found in the midst of the oceanic region where water currents mainly pass. Overall abundance is lower than other nearby waters. This is maybe due to the effect of water currents.
Survival and growth of the sea cucumber Holothuria scabra (Jaeger) juveniles reared at different diets
Baylon, Basil C. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2009-03)
Sea cucumbers are economically important species, with high demand in local and international markets. Overharvesting due to this high demand causes depletion of wild populations of sea cucumbers. Stock enhancement has been resorted to improve the status of natural populations. This will need the development of rearing technology which includes studies on the effects of different diets on sea cucumber juveniles. In this study, the effects of five diets on growth and survival of sea cucumber Holothuria scabra juveniles were compared. The five treatments used were benthic diatoms (Navicula sp.) alone, combination of benthic diatoms and seaweed (Sargassum sp.) extract, seagrass extract alone, combination of benthic diatoms and seagrass (Thalassia sp.) extract, and commercial shrimp feed. Three replicates were used for each treatment. For every replicate. 10 juveniles with body length 1-2 mm were reared in a 3-L culture container with seawater and no sand substrate. Salinity ranged from 32-35 ppt and the temperature from 26-29°C. It was observed that there was a trend of increasing body weight, body length, and body width of juveniles as weeks of culture progressed. After 7 weeks of culture, best weight gain, increase in body length and body width was achieved in juveniles fed with either benthic diatoms alone or combination diet of benthic diatoms and seaweed extract. There was high survival in all feeding treatments except in H. scabra juveniles fed with commercial shrimp feed. The lowest body weight, length and width and lowest survival were consistently obtained from juveniles given commercial shrimp feed.
Mangrove community structure survey in Iloilo River
Bayate, Bryna Kimberly L. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2004-04)
Mangroves are highly productive forests growing along tropical tidal mudflats and shallow water coastal areas where water is generally brackish. The structure of the mangrove stand in the Iloilo River was studied using the transect line plot method with 55 plots established in the 3 out of 4 stations of the river. Community Structure is described in terms of the following parameters: basal area, stems per hectare, relative density, relative frequency, relative dominance and importance value of the species and the Shannon Index of Diversity. Variations in these parameters are correlated with certain physico-chemical factors- soil and water temperature, soil and water pH, and water salinity.Nineteen(19) true mangrove species were found in the area belonging to 10 families. These include Mysinaceae family represented by Aegiceras corniculatum ; Avicenniaceae family represented by Avicennia alba, Avicennia marina, Avicennia officinalis and Avicennia rumphiana; Euphorbiaceae family represented by Excoecaria agallocha; Sterculiaceae family represented by Heritiera littoralis; Combretaceae family represented by Lumnitzera racemosa; Palmae family represented by Nypa fruticans; Rhizophoraceae family represented by Bruguiera cylindrica Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, and Rhizophora stylosa; Sonneratiaceae family represented by Sonneratia alba, Sonneratia caseolaris, and Sonneratia ovata.Ruciaceae family represented by Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea and Meliaceae family represented by Xylocarpus granatum, and Xylocarpus meckongensis. Avicennia officinalis has the highest total basal area of 650.69m2/ha, Avicennia alba, Aegiceras corniculatum, Avicennia marina, Avicennia officinalis, Avicennia rumphiana, Exoecaria agallocha, Lumnitzera racemosa, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora stylosa, Sonneratia alba and Xylocarpus moluccensis have equal relative frequency of 0.074. Avicennia marina obtained the highest stems per hectare with a value of 38933.33, relative density of 0.405 relative dominance of 0.332 and importance value of 0.913. The index of diversity is 1.010, indicating that the area is diverse.
Comparative analysis of the gut content of Scylla de Haan, 1833 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Portunidae) collected from the rivers of poblacion Sapian, Capiz
Bautista, Florey Jane O. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2013-04)
The natural diet for various sizes and both sexes of the mud crab Scylla sp. collected from the river located at Brgy. Poblacion Sapian Capiz, Philippines was determined. Gut content analysis was conducted for the mud crabs ranging from 30- 109.99 mm carapace width. Results showed that predominant food of mud crab Scylla sp. consists of crustaceans such as shrimps and crabs as well, fish, mollusk, sand shells, unidentified egg, and even plants. Most of the gut content however, consists of chyme due to heavy mastication and presence of the gastric mills that digest the food. There is no ontogenetic shift or difference in the diet as well as diet difference between male and female crabs. The results were discussed in relation with the species’ feeding patterns and the effect of the diet on the maturation of the crab:
Analysis of the gut contents of largehead hairtail, Trichiurus lepturus (Linnaeus, 1758) in Surigao Del Sur
Barros, Andrea Philine R. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2019-06)
The traditional gut content analysis is one of the methods used which investigates feeding interactions, specifically those belonging to the aquatic food webs. The ribbonfish, Trichiurus lepturus is an economically important fish, and due to its high demand to other south-east Asian countries especially in the Philippines, there is a targeted fishery for this resource. However, the catch of this species in the country has declined recently. Since feeding habits are fundamental to understanding the ecology of a community, this study aimed to analyze the gut contents of Trichiurus lepturus. A total of 66 guts were examined in the study. The size ranged from 101-505 mm in total length. They fed mostly on fishes including Encrasicholina sp., and shrimps such as Acetes, Penaeus, and Lucifer. Moreover, there was an occurrence of cannibalism but only larger individuals. Microplastics were also evident in most of the size classes.
Abundance, composition and distribution of phytoplankton in West Central Sulu Sea
Bria, Jed B. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2008-11)
A total of 28 stations were sampled for abundance, composition and distribution of phytoplankton in the West Central Sulu Sea. The samples were taken from 15-30 April 2007. Samples were collected by filtering 50L of surface water through a 20 pm mesh plankton net. A total of 96 phytoplankton genera were identified and were grouped into four major taxa. The overall mean density was 444.6 cells/L. Diatoms were the most abundant, with the mean density of 213.5 cells/L. The most abundant diatom genus was Chaetoceros. Blue-green algae showed the second-highest mean density of 127.6 cells/L. Trichodesmium was the most abundant genus among the two blue-green algae identified. Trichodesmium was also the most abundant genus, comprising 28.1% of all phytoplankton identified. Dinoflagellates and silicoflagellates were ranked third and fourth among the four major taxa with 77.5 cells/L and 28 cells/L, respectively. Protoperidinium was the most abundant dinoflagellate, while Amphorella was the most abundant silicoflagellate. They made up 6.2% and 1.2 % of all phytoplankton identified, respectively. The stations located along the coast of Palawan and near the Tubattaha Reef Marine National Park showed the highest phytoplankton concentrations.
Influence of tidal levels on meiofaunal communities in a rocky shore area in Taklong Island National Marine Reserve, Guimaras
Barbasa, Maria Carla A. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2013-04)
Rocky shores present an exuberant richness of life, which can be attributed to the hard substrate provided by rocks, necessary for the attachment of sessile organisms. There are many factors affecting community structure in rocky shores, including tidal levels. Tidal levels affect communities by periodically exposing them to air, causing drying up and dessication. Among those affected are meiofauna. Meiofauna in rocky shores are the least studied of all habitats, thus this study serves as baseline information regarding meiofauna in rocky shores, particularly in TINMAR, and how tidal levels affect them. Sorting and identification of meiofauna from 18 samples (5 TST, 5 TLT, 4 TMT, 4 THT) yielded 17 identified taxa, with Harpacticoids being numerically dominant followed by Tanaids (Copepods) and Polychaetes. Mean meiofaunal abundance was found to higher in lower tides (low and sub-tide), but differences were not statistically significant. A similar lack of significant differences between transects was shown for abundances of all and common taxa in edge or mid-section quadrats, although abundances appeared to be higher in low and sub-tidal transects. Cluster analyses based on similarities in abundance of taxa in the transect quadrats showed which asemblages are characteristic of mid- and high tide levels (Insect larvae and Sipunculids). Nematodes, which are typically dominant in soft-bottom substrates, were also most abundant in the upper intertidal in the present study. Other taxa like Tanaids, on the other hand, were more abundant in the low intertidal and subtidal transects. Harpacticoids were observed to be dominant in higher tides.
Gonadal maturation Stages of Pinkfingered Vinegar Crab Episesarma chengtongense (Serene and Soh 1967) from Capiz, Philippines
Barredo, Elilyn Farrah Belle B. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2015-06)
The pink-fingered vinegar crab Episesarma chengtongense is a growing fishery resource in the mangrove areas of the Philippines and may have potential for aquaculture and stock enhancement. To determine the gonadal maturation stages for both male and female for this species, a study was conducted from February to May 2015 of the pink-fingered crab from Capiz, Philippines. The determination of the gonadal maturation stages was based on the gross morphology and histological characteristics of the male and female gonads. In both sexes, gonad activity occurred throughout the study duration but for females, the peak egg bearing month was in May (87%). Body sizes of ovierous females were from 31.9 - 42.3 mm (CW). The greatest prevalence of ovigerous females was in the size range of 35-39 mm CW; the lowest percentage at 40-44 mm CW. Male crabs with mature testes were consistently high (70- 100%) in the four months duration of the study. The smallest female carrying eggs was 31.9 mm CW. Four stages of ovarian maturation were identified namely: developing (Stage II) with a yellow colored gonad, ripe (Stage III) with orange colored gonad, mature (Stage IV) with brown colored gonad and spent (Stage V) with light brown colored gonad. Two stages of male gondal maturation were identified namely immature (Stage I) with translucent to off white testes and mature.(Stage II) with creamy white testes.

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