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Undergraduate Special Problem

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    Effects of Chromolaena odorata leaves as amendments to poultry manure and inorganic fertilizer to improve growth, yield, biomass accumulation and inorganic content of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum)
    Balinas, Chona Mae D. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2012-04)
    Chromolaena odorata (a weed in the family Asteraceae) has been shown to enhance the buildup of organic matter in a fallow system in tropical soil. Therefore, the aim of this study was to to determine the effects of Chromolaena odorata leaves as an amendment to poultry manure and triple 14 inorganic fertilizer on the growth, yield, biomass accumulation and inorganic contents of Lycopersicum esculentum. The field experiment was conducted at Agsanayan Buenavista Guimaras where the weed has wide distribution. The leaves of C. odorata were air dried and composted using Berkeley method. The compost obtained was used as an amendment to either poultry manure and inorganic fertilizer and was tested on tomato for three months in RCBD. Obtained results proved that tested treatments with amendments of C. odorata were significantly higher in lengths of shoots and roots, flower and fruit yield, amount of biomass accumulated and inorganic contents of tomato than those with no amendments of C. odorata. Therefore, C. odorata is an efficient amendment to both organic and inorganic fertilizers. It was suggested that the weed should be utilized to serve as a green manure.
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    Nutritional status of 0-5 year old children of small scale fisherfolks from Barangays along the coastal areas of Miagao, Iloilo
    Ascano, Maria Epifanie; Borromeo, Ma. Benjafe; Luces, Leslie Ann; Napud, Ma. Salve; Sagge, Jasmine; Tarroja, Aireen Joy (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2003-03)
    This special problem sought to determine the nutritional status of 0-5 year old children of subsistence fisherfolks from selected barangays along the coastal areas of Miag-ao, Iloilo. The study incorporated anthropometric, clinical, dietary, and socioeconomic data to detect any nutritional disorder and to ascertain nutriture of 0-5 years old children. There were fifty-six fishermen among the 14 coastal areas which served as basis for determining the number of respondents. Ninety-one children aged 0-5 years old comprised the sample population. This descriptive cross-sectional study employed a probability sampling method named two-stage sampling design. This special study utilized an anthropometric data sheet, clinical assessment sheet, 24-hour food recall sheet, and interview schedule to gather appropriate data. The data collected was then subjected to statistical tools such as means, frequency count/distribution, percentages, ANOVA using the EPI-INFO 6 software and the Fil-Anthrop Software of the FNRI-DOST. Findings revealed that 45.1% of the respondents had an average height for age, 37.4% of the respondents were mildly underweight for age, and 54.9% had an average weight for height. Among the ninety-one respondents, the clinical signs exhibited were lack of luster, thinness, and sparseness; dyspigmentation; pale conjunctiva; thyroid gland enlargement; mottled enamel; dental caries; spongy, bleeding gums; and beading of the rib. Moreover, 82.4% of the respondents were below the Recommended Dietary Allowance. Findings have revealed that there is no association between the nutritional status of respondents (ht. for age, wt. for age, wt. for ht.) and the following variables: (a) Age of 0-5 years old children, (b) Sex of 0-5 years old children, (c) family size, (d) Monthly family income, (e) Highest educational attainment of housewives, (f) Clinical signs, (g) Sanitary practices, (h) Crowding index, (i) Feeding practices of housewives, (j) Presence of toilet facilities, and (k) Source of drinking water.
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    Community structure of mangroves in selected barangays in Sebaste, Antique
    Alorro, Mary Juandin Grace F. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2007-03)
    Mangroves are higher plants that are primarily found predominantly in the intertidal areas such as estuaries and lagoons of the tropical and subtropical shorelines. This study was conducted to assess the community structure of mangroves in Barangay Callan, Barangay Idio, Barangay Poblacion, Barangay Abiera, and Barangay Bacalan, Sebaste, Antique, using the transect line method. Specifically, it aimed to determine selected physical and chemical factors such as salinity, pH, temperature for water and soil as well as characterization of the substrate; identify and classify true mangrove species present in the area; and describe the community structure in terms of stand basal area, stems per hectare, relative density, relative frequency, relative dominance, importance value, Shannon index of diversity, zonation patterns, seedling and sapling density. No study has been done to document the community structure of mangroves in Sebaste, Antique thus, this study was done to provide vital information needed for its proper management. Three stations were selected in Sebaste, Antique. Four (4) species of true mangroves were identified, belonging to three (3) families: Palmae - Nypa fruticans; Rhizophoraceae - Rhizophora apiculata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza; and Euphorbiaceae - Excoecaria agallocha. The study area had a water salinity range of 0.6 ppt to 15.3 ppt; water temperature range of 28.3°C to 35.4°C; water pH range of 7.1 to 7.7; soil temperature range of 28.3°C to 34.7°C; and soil pH range of 6.5 to 7.2. Basal area ranges from 3.16 m2/ha (Rhizophora apiculata) to 5.88 m2/ha (Excoecaria agallochd) to 8.19 m2/ha (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza) . The species with the highest average of stems per hectare were Excoecaria agallocha and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza with 300 as well as the highest average density value of 100 for Excoecaria agallocha. Nypa fruticans had the highest relative frequency and relative dominance. Among the four species, the most important species was Nypa fruticans. The Shannon Index of Dominance was 0.403 which was quite low in terms of diversity as influenced by the dominance of Nypa fruticans.
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    Living above and belowground biomass and carbon stock assessment of station 1, Taklong Island, Taklong Island National Marine Reserve, Guimaras, Philippines
    Alegado, Alexis Jude T. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2018-06)
    The Taklong National Marine Reserve is one of the marine protected sites in the country with a good cover of mangroves. This study assessed the species composition, diversity, aboveground biomass and the estimated carbon of the natural mangrove forest found in Taklong Island Station 1. Barangay Lapaz. Nueva Valencia. Guimaras. The study aimed to: a.) map out the area of the selected mangrove patches, b.) identify the species composition and diversity of the sampling site, c.) quantify the aboveground and belowground biomass, carbon stock of live vegetations, and d.) to convert the carbon stock to carbon dioxide equivalence (CO₂e) of the selected station. This study is only limited to the estimation of living aboveground, belowground and the carbon stock using the published allometric equations. Only 7 species of mangroves were found in the site belonging to 3 families. The mean stand basal area was 21.47 m2 ha-1. The species diversity is low at 0.23 due to low speciation of species of mangroves on the site. The total aboveground biomass was 506.89 Mg ha-1 and carbon dioxide emission potential (CO₂e) of 2,498.15Mg CO₂e. This shows that mangrove in Station 1 of Taklong Island has stored a considerable amount of carbon overtime. Hence, there must be a proper management and protection of this ecosystem.
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    Prevalence of substance use among college students of state colleges in Iloilo
    Agreda, Joji Marie Gela; Corio, Razel Joy Luceno; Hervas, Jeneline Espanol; Icabandi, Donna Joy Tabor; Melarin, Dianne Vallecera; Mosura, Joenalie Montano; Suspeñe, Rhoda Belandres; Vallejo, Arleen Joy Calanao (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2004-04)
    This study aimed to describe the prevalence, nature, and extent of substance use of college students enrolled in the main campuses of state colleges in Iloilo. There were 402 respondents coming from the main campuses of Iloilo State College of Fisheries (ISCOF), Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State College (NIPSC), Western Visayas College of Science and Technology (WVCST) and the lone campus of New Lucena Polytechnic College (NLPC). Data was collected through a questionnaire which was modified from the model core questionnaire developed by the World Health Organization (WHO). Results showed that 36.1% of the respondents had tried smoking. Their mean age of smoking initiation was 17 years with 13.5% having first tried smoking before 15 years of age. Their top three reasons for smoking are as follows: curiosity (44.1%), for fun (25.5%) and peer pressure (17.2%). Of the respondents who smoked within 30 days prior to the survey, 14.7% consumed more than 5 cigarettes per day. The results also showed that 33.8% of the respondents who have tried smoking usually smoke during parties while their usual place to smoke is either in their houses, dormitories or boarding houses (40.7%). There was a significant relationship between the smoking status of the respondents who have tried smoking and the following: gender (p < 0.0001), age (p = 0.0004) and year level (p < 0.01). On the other hand, smoking status of the respondents who have tried smoking has no significant relationship with the following: annual family income (p = 0.91). living arrangement (p = 0.63) and membership in fraternities/sororities (p = 0.17). Alcoholic use had a higher prevalence (65.4%) than cigarette smoking (36.1%). The mean age of those respondents who have tried drinking was also 17 years with 13.7% having tried drinking at an age below 15 years. Their top three reasons for drinking are: for fun (34.6%), curiosity (29.3%) and because family members drink (12.9%). Seventy percent of the respondents who have tried drinking drank 30 days prior to the survey with 10.9% consuming more than 5 bottles and another 10.9% consuming more than 5 glasses of alcoholic beverages. Of those who have been binge drinking 30 davs prior to the survey, 18.9% have been binge drinking 3 to 5 times. The usual occasion for the respondents to drink is during parties (72.9%) and the usual place for them to drink was either in their houses, dormitories or boarding houses (60.8%). The beverage of choice is beer (59.7%). The drinking status of those who have tried drinking had a significant relationship with the following: gender (p < 0.0001), year level (p = 0.005) and membership to fraternities/sororities (p = 0.04). Meanwhile, drinking status had no significant relationship with age (p = 0.06), annual family income (p = 0.85) and their living arrangements (p = 0.51). Shabu use had a prevalence of 2.7% among the respondents. The mean age of shabu use was also 17 years with 18.2% first trying it at 15 years of age. Their reasons for having tried shabu are: peer pressure (45.5%), curiosity (18.2%) and for fun (18.2%). Within 30 days prior to the survey. 45.5% of those who have tried using shabu have used shabu and 20.0% have used shabu in 20 or more days. They usually use shabu during parties (54.5%) and usually have tried using shabu either in their houses, dormitories and boarding houses (54.6%). Data shows that shabu use had a significant relationship with the following: gender (p = 0.0007). year level (p = 0.003) and fraternity/sorority membership (p = 0.05). It has no significant relationship with age (p = 0.09). annual family income (p = 0.92) and their living arrangements (p = 0.47). Results also showed that 5 % of the respondents have tried smoking marijuana and 4.2% have tried opiate type drugs. The mean age for having tried drugs other than shabu was also 17 years with 26.3 % having tried them at an age below 15. Thirty-one percent of those who have tried other drugs than shabu have tried within 30 days prior to the survey.
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    Pesticide exposure, Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP), and laboratory findings of farmers of Barangay San Ambrosio, Igbaras, Iloilo
    Acuesta, Doneza Dee L.; Bernaldo, Alyka Joy D.; De la Pena, Leobert Julienne A.; Diestro, Joan Marie T.; Domingo, Megan Joyce N.; Fortuna, Edward Paul F.; Garrucho, Geraldine F.; Poral, Mechelle Joy L; Suñer, Ma. Alexis Kleanthe D.; Villanueva, Dana Diane C. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2014-04)
    This is a cross-sectional study which aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) towards pesticide use, its health effects, and the laboratory findings of farmers from Barangay San Ambrosio, Igbaras, Iloilo. Specifically, it aimed to determine the association between the number of years of pesticide use and the farmers’ MCV values. A total of 115 farm workers were interviewed and 109 (94.8%) of them reported pesticide usage. Among farmers who used pesticides, 90 (82.6%) consented to undergo CBC testing. Descriptive statistics was used for socio-demographic profile, KAP, and health effects of pesticide use. Whereas, Chi- square analysis was used to determine the association between pesticide exposure and MCV values. The farmers were knowledgeable about pesticides and its health effects, the route of entry into the body, and the fate of pesticide residues. Despite knowing the adverse effects of pesticides, 107 out of the 109 pesticide-using farmers (98.2 %) still agreed on the use of pesticides, and only 2 (1.8 %) were against it. They justified that pesticides are effective in killing pests to produce abundant crops and only some farmers knew that biological (61.5%) and natural control (63.3%) can be used as alternatives for pest control. In addition, most farmers (n = 94, 86.2%) used PPE when applying pesticides but were inadequate: with 81 (74.3%) using long-sleeved shirts, but only 17 (15.6%) using gloves, and 5 (4.6%) using eyeglasses. The lack of complete and proper PPE may be a factor for the self-reported health effects, such as dizziness (n = 59, 54.1 %), which was the most predominant, followed by burning sensation in eyes/face (n = 54, 49.5 %) and headache (n = 48, 44.0 %). No significant association was found between years of pesticide use and MCV using the chi-square analysis (x2 = 0.583, p = 0.318). It would be useful to minimise the use of pesticides, encourage alternative measures, lessen the time of pesticide spraying, and encourage the use of complete PPE. Prevention and intervention programmes regarding the use of protective measures and monitoring the health status of farm workers should be implemented.
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    Temperature tolerance of adult seahorse Hippocampus barbouri
    Araneta, Aira Joy T. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2010-03)
    Two experiments were carried out to determine the temperatures that could be tolerated by the adult seahorse Hippocampus barbouri (1 year and 4 months old). The low temperature levels tested were 16, 19, and 22 °C. The high temperature levels tested were 32, 35, and 38 °C. Ambient water temperature of 25-28°C served as the control. Seahorses were acclimatized for one hour prior to transfer to various experimental temperatures. The experiment was conducted in 10 L plastic containers with 10 seahorses per container. The experimental containers were floated in a 1 tonne fiber glass tank filled with 18cm of water, which served as water bath, to maintain the desired water temperature inside the containers. There were three replicates per treatment. Survival of the seahorses was monitored every hour for 96 hours. For the low-temperature tolerance experiment, only 57% survival was observed after 96 hours of exposure to 16°C, while 100% survival was obtained on seahorses reared in 19 and 22°C. Significantly decreasing percentage survival correlated closely with decreasing temperature. For the high-temperature tolerance experiment, H. barbouri tolerated a temperature of 32°C with 100% survival. However, no seahorse survived water temperatures of 35°C. Similarly all seahorses succumbed within an hour of exposure to water with a temperature of 38°C. No death occurred in seahorses at a temperature of 25-28°C (control). The results of the present study show that adult H. barbouri could tolerate temperatures as low as 16°C and as high as 32 °C.
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    Nasal colonization and drug-resistance patterns of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis among young residents within the vicinity of Calajunan Dumpsite, Mandurriao, Iloilo City
    Aguila, Julex Rey; Biaoco, Christine; Gayatgay, Christian Faith; Ingalla, Lydimel; Macalalag, Florence Mae; Omar Al-Abdalla, Afnan; Tolentino, Joanna Rose; Torrilla, Marie Stephanie (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2011-03)
    Poor disposal and handling of wastes is one of the problems in developing countries as well as in urban places. Leachate, which includes potential pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, occurs when solid wastes adsorb moisture and may contaminate ground water sources. The increasing antibiotic resistance of these species poses a great risk to those exposed to the dumpsite. This study generally aimed to investigate nasal colonization by multidrug-resistant S. aureus and S. epidermidis in young residents of Barangay Calajunan, Mandurriao, Iloilo City and to evaluate the relationship between multidrug-resistance of S. aureus and S. epidermidis and possible risk factors such as direct exposure to the dumpsite, close contact with waste-pickers, antibiotic use, hospitalization, skin and soft-tissue infections, and personal hygiene. Nasal swabs were obtained from eighty-three young residents aged 5-14 years. Isolation and identification of Staphylococcus spp. were based on standard conventional biochemical methods such as mannitol fermentation, catalase and coagulase tests. Anti-staphylococcal agents for the detection of drug susceptibility patterns were penicillin G (10 units), oxacillin (1 µg), cefoxitin (30 μg), ampicillin (10 μg), vancomycin (30 μg), erythromycin (15 µg), tetracycline (30 µg), and clindamycin (2 µg). Of the fifty-one isolated presumptively identified staphylocococcal species, 92% (n=49) were identified as S. aureus and 4% (n=2) as S. epidermidis. The prevalence of nasal colonization of S. aureus and S. epidermidis among the study populace was 59% and 2.41%, respectively. Eighty-two percent (n=42) of the S. aureus isolates exhibited susceptibility to tetracycline, while 98% (n=48) exhibited resistance to ampicillin. One hundred percent (n=2) of the S. epidermidis isolates exhibited susceptibility to erythromycin and tetracycline, and resistance to penicillin G and ampicillin. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains were phenotypically determined based on non-sensitivity to two or more of the different antimicrobial classes. Sixty-one percent (n=31) of S. aureus isolates and 50% (n=2) of S. epidermidis were MDR strains. Of these staphylococcal isolates, 54.8% (n=17) were resistant to antimicrobials belonging to Penicillins and Glycopeptides with one isolate being S. epidermidis and 16 S. aureus. No significant association between multidrug resistance of S. aureus and S. epidermidis and the risk factors was observed among the study population (p>0.05), however, it was observed that those who bathed and washed more often were more likely to have both nasal colonization and multidrug resistance of S. aureus and S. epidermidis.