Undergraduate Special Problem
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Item Relationship of moderate to heavy Trichuris trichiura infection with the packed red cell volume and mental ability of elementary schoolchildren in Miag-ao, IloiloCalibjo, Hartzell M.; Calvo, May Lyn A.; Dizon, Lourdes Anne A.; Garay, Cyrus Q.; Gonzales, Lorenz Alfred B.; Gibraltar, Felli Claire G.; Peralta, Lou Gillyn B.; Spitzer, Mark Manfred B.; Taburaza, Larimee S. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2005-04)Trichuris trichiura commonly known as whipworm is a nematode that infects human particularly primary school-aged children. Studies show that moderate to heavy Trichuris infection may adversely affect the cognitive functions of schoolchildren (Nokes, 1991) and may cause anemia overtime (Politt, 1982). However, this has not been established in the local setting. This led the researchers to locally conduct a study that would primarily determine the relationship of the moderate to heavy intensity of trichuriasis with the mental ability of schoolchildren and with the Packed Red Cell Volume. It also aims to determine if there is a significant difference between the mental ability test scores and the Packed Red Cell Volume of moderate to heavy Trichuris infected group and the non-infected group. Three coastal elementary schools in Miag-ao, Iloilo was chosen as the study sites. These were Miag-ao West Central Elementary School, Igtuba-Guibongan Elementary School, and Bacauan-Mambatad Elementary School. Five hundred twenty five (525) elementary pupils aged 8—14 years had their stool samples examined using Modified Kato Katz to determine the intensity of Trichuris infection. Thirty (30) moderate to heavy Trichuris infected students and another 30 non-infected students were randomly selected as the study sample. Capillary blood samples were collected from the 60-study sample. The packed red cell volume was determined using the Microhematocrit Method and was categorized as normal and below normal. Mental ability of the study sample was measured using the standardized Culture Fair Intelligence Test (CFIT). The test instrument was administered and interpreted by the Psychometricians. The results of the tests consisted of verbal interpretation and was categorized as below average, average and above average. The results showed no significant difference between the moderate to heavy infected group and the non-infected group based on mental ability test verbal interpretation (p= 0.770). The non-infected group even obtained a higher proportion of study samples that were below average CFIT test scores compared with the moderate to heavy infected group. The results of packed red cell volume revealed that all study samples (100%) in the non-infected group had normal Packed Cell Volume (PCV). On the other hand, only 90% of the study samples in the moderate to heavy infected group had normal Packed Cell volume (PCV) while the remaining 10% had below normal PCV. Statistically however, the difference was not significant (p= 0.164). Finally, Linear Regression Analysis showed no linear relationship between mental ability test Deviation Intelligence Quotient and Packed Red Cell Volume among the study samples. The scatter plot diagram showed dispersed distribution of study samples which means weak relationship between the two variables. The insignificant results in this study could be attributed to various confounding variables that were not controlled strictly all throughout the study, as well as the insensitivity of the test instruments used. Thus, the study recommends controlling carefully the various extraneous variables such as socioeconomic conditions, nutritional status of the study sample. The study also recommends the use of more sensitive and specific instruments for measuring the blood level and cognitive functions.Item Roadworks: Traffic light control via computer interfacingCadiente, Mark E.; Macanas, Dennis G.; Padernal, Noriel P. (Division of Physical Science and Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2002-03)Gathering of information was needed to know the behavior of lights and same as to the way on how to interface hardware using computers. After which, designs and flowcharts were made. Hardware designs were tested using both software (Electronic Workbench) and actual circuitry using breadboards. After the hardware was guaranteed to be working properly, it was then interfaced using a computer port, and the main program was developed. The developed software was successful in controlling the behavior of the lights and receiving data from the sensors. Further improvements was then made to the software to improve its interface and efficiency in controlling the said hardware.Item Alcohol use among out-of-school youth in Iloilo CityCabaluna, Vanessa P.; Eler, Paul Candice Ellen M.; Gazo, Ella Catherine T.; Marla, Mary Ellen J.; Train, Christine Q. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2002-03)The out-of-school youth, 13-22 years old, appears to have one of the greatest risks for alcohol use. This study was conducted to determine alcohol use among out-of-school youth in the City of Iloilo. The subjects of the study were 150 out-of-school youths, randomly selected from 15 barangays of the 6 districts of Iloilo City. Data for this research was gathered using an interview schedule. Results show that one hundred thirty-one (87.33%) out of 150 out-of-school youth respondents had been initiated to alcoholic drinks. Their mean age at alcohol initiation was 15.81. Majority of these respondents usually drink beer (58.78%), followed by gin (13.74%), and tuba/lambanog (12.22%). Other choices include rum and brandy. Factors that influenced the respondents to drink alcohol included friends (67.94%), relatives (12.98%), father (9.16%). Other factors included personal decision, mass media, and mood/problems. Reasons for drinking alcoholic beverages include celebrations of special occasions (30.53%), leisure (18.32%), curiosity (15.27%), and sense of belongingness (12.98%). Other reasons include peer pressure, personal choice and personal problems. Reasons for not drinking include personal choice (47.37%), health reasons (31.58%), family prohibits (15.79%), and religion prohibits (5.26%). Alcohol use is significantly associated with respondents' sex, involvement in organisations or community activities, smoking, and use of prohibited drugs. There is no significant difference between alcohol use and family drinking status & with whom they are staying.Item Microbiological assessment and detection of potentially pathogenic bacteria on three areas along the Iloilo RiverCaballo, John Carlo P. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2011-04)The Iloilo River, which traverses the whole length of Iloilo City, serves as a water source for different human activities hence, subjecting it to a variety of pollutants. Microbial and physico-chemical parameters of the three areas along the Iloilo River (Carpenter’s Bridge, IBRD Bridge, and Dungon Creek) were assessed to in order to provide a quantifiable evaluation of the river’s water quality. The presence of Salmonella spp., Eschericia coli, Streptococcus spp. and Vibrio spp., was also determined. HPC counts indicate very-high to extremely-high levels of bacterial loading (5.31 x 105-l .60 x 106 CFU/lOOmL) among the three sampling areas. Total coliform levels indicated contamination of the river from outside sources, potentially from domestic sewage discharges and run-offs from nearby establishments. The FC: FS ratio suggests contamination mostly came from mixed origins, with the noted exception of Carpenter’s Bridge, which is dominated by human fecal contamination. Minimal variations in physico-chemical parameters were observed for all areas. Significant correlations were found among salinity (p=0.002) and temperature (p=0.042) with TC; between FS with dissolved oxygen (p=0.00), and between FC and temperature (p=0.005). Contamination of the river by organic and fecal matter from animal and human sources provided a suitable habitat for pathogenic bacteria. A considerable quantity of potentially pathogenic bacteria such as; E.coli, Salmonella spp., Streptococcus spp. and Vibrio spp., were isolated from each sampling area. Exposure to these pathogens in drinking and recreational waters poses health risks to local inhabitants and to any individual who would consume water from the riverItem Household food security and nutritional status of preschoolers in Valderrama, AntiqueBraga, Mayet Ann D.; Gordon, Cyrus John G.; Guisihan, Thanz Pamela G., II; Jamili, JC John T.; Ledesma, Migil G.; Lim, Diana L.; Lim, Lenny Joy G.; Malalu-an, Rosalie A. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2005-03)The study is a cross-sectional survey of 138 randomly selected households from ten (10) similarly randomly-selected barangays in Valderrama, Antique. This study aims to determine household food security and nutritional status of pre-schoolers in Valderrama, Antique. The study specifically aimed to: determine the status of household food security in Valderrama, Antique; describe the characteristics of households in terms of Age and Highest Educational Attainment of Caretakers, Annual Family Income (in Pesos), Income Allotment for Food, House Ownership, Number of Household Members and Food Source; and compare the nutritional status of pre-schoolers of food secure and food insecure households based on the following anthropometric parameters: Weight for age (WFA), Height / length for age (H/LFA) and Weight for height (WFH). The study is patterned after the national survey done by the Food and Nutrition Research Institute (FNRI) that ranked Antique as the province with the highest degree of malnutrition. Food security was determined using the Food-Security/Hunger Core Module, 3-Stage Design, with Screeners. Anthropometric measurements were taken from randomly selected preschoolers aged 0-5 from each household to determine the nutritional status. The current study revealed that the prevalence of food insecurity in Valderrama, Antique is very high at 94.9%. The level of food insecurity was further determined and the following results were obtained: 17.6% of the food insecure households were without hunger; 56.5% were the food insecure households were without hunger; 56.5% were food insecure with moderate hunger, and, 26.0% were food insecure with severe hunger. Only 5.1% of the households surveyed were food secure. The results showed that in terms of the anthropometric parameters used in the study (Weight for Age, Height for Age, Weight for Height), all pre-schoolers in food secure households were normal. On the other hand, in food insecure households, the prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting were high. Using the parameter Weight-For-Age (WFA), the prevalence of underweight children was 38.2%, which is higher than the national average of 27.6%. Using the Height-for-Age (HFA), 43.5% of pre-schoolers in the area were stunted (underheight) and which is again higher than the national average of 38.5%. The prevalence of wasting in the study was alarmingly high (14.5%) which is almost three times higher than the national average of 5.5%. The results obtained may be used as baseline data in planning intervention programs by the municipal government and concerned agencies (Government Organizations and Non-Government Organizations) to address the alarming problem of malnutrition in the municipality.Item Investigation of the impact of food and insecurity to the nutritional status of children 6 to 71 months using the Radimer/Cornell Questionnaire among the rural poor in Brgy. Nabitasan, Leganes, IloiloBoncavil, David Allan V.; Chan, Tsarina M.; Erum, Lesley Anne L.; Galas, Caryl E.; Hernandez, Yryka E.; Juele, Sheila Mae A.; Magalonga, April Raye F.; Ogena, Vanessa C. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2016-05)One of the main objectives of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is to achieve zero hunger through food security. Within the Municipality of Leganes, Barangay Nabitasan has consistently ranked as the barangay with the most cases of undernourished children aged 6-71 months old. Nabitasan is located 5 kilometers away from poblacion and the locals are handicapped by their limited purchasing power and source of water and their lack of alternative source of food. Accordingly, this cross- sectional study investigated the impact of food insecurity to the nutritional status of 159 children aged 6 to 71 months old in Barangay Nabitasan, Leganes, Iloilo. The children’s nutritional status was determined based on their Weight for Age (WFA) while the respondents for the Radimer/Cornell Questionnaire were the respective mothers or guardians of the children. The Radimer/Cornell Hunger Scale was utilized to measure food security in terms of hunger. Additionally, the results of the scale were correlated to the following sociodemographic factors: age of the mother/guardian, annual family income, income allotment for food, household size, number of children, sibling rank, food source, educational attainment of the mother/guardian. Using chi square test it was found that there was a significant relationship between food security and the nutritional status of the children (X2=5.729, df=l, p- value<0.05). Odds ratio showed that a child that belongs to a food secure household is 2.715 times more likely to be normal than a child that belongs to a food insecure household. Furthermore, factors that were associated with food security were identified through logistic regression. 8 covariates were included in the analysis and the generated model identified the covariates that contributed most and were significantly associated with food security. The model tells us that: 1.) Increasing annual family income was associated with an increased likelihood of being food secure 2.) increasing number of children was associated with a decreased likelihood of being food secure and 3.) having both market and alternative food source, compared to those who rely on market alone, increases the likelihood of being food secure. It is significant to note that the model generated by this study correctly predicted 76.1% of the observed food security status of the cases; this may indicate that there are still other important determinants of food security that have not been identified and that further studies should consider including these.Item Toxicity of Chemically Enhanced Water-Accommodated Fraction (CEWAF) of Petron bunker C oil on Asian Sea bass Lates calcarifer (Bloch) fingerlings at different salinity levelsBondoc, Christian Earvin D. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2011-03)Asian sea bass Lates calcarifer fingerlings were exposed to three CEWAF concentrations (0.3, 0.5 and 1.0%) at 28, 32 and 36%o and the mortality rate among the different treatments were compared. Dunnett t-test (a=0.05) showed that mortality in the CEWAF-exposed treatments differed significantly from that in the control, indicating that the toxicity of CEWAF caused the death of the fingerlings. The general trend of mortality was increasing with increased salinity although the results of Two-Way ANOVA (a=0.05) reveal that salinity did not influence the toxicity of CEWAF significantly. Further analysis with Fisher’s LSD test (a=0.05) showed that mortality only differed significantly between the 28%o and 36%o salinity groups. The differences between the salinity levels used in this experiment were too narrow to cause a significant difference in the interaction between CEWAF concentration and salinity. Sublethal effects of exposure to CEWAF observed in this study included aberrant swimming behavior, arching of the back, loss of buoyancy and loss of pigmentation.Item A preliminary investigation on the antimicrobial activity of Luffa cylindrica (Patola) leaf extractBenjamin, Paulette E. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2002-04)Four concentrations were prepared (100%, 75%, 50%, and 25%) from the Patola (Luffa cylindrical) leaf extract. Positive and negative controls were made in order to have a basis for comparison with the other four Patola leaf extract concentrations. Negative controls were purely sterilized distilled water, while the positive controls used were Amoxicillin for bacteria and Mycostatin for Candida albicans. The effectiviness of these concentrations was tested on the growth of the five selected microorganisms, namely: Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus, C. albicans and Microsporum canis. M. canis did not exhibit any growth and had no significant difference. Patola was found to inhibit the growth of S. aureus, S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus at 100% concentration. Patola leaf concentration of 75% weakly inhibited the growth of S. epidermidis and S. aureus. Concentrations of 50%, and 25% showed negative inhibitory activity. Candida albicans in all four concentrations showed negative inhibitory activities. The minimum inhibitory activity that was able to inhibit bacterial growth was at 75% leaf extract concentration.Item Comparison of the prevalence of error of refraction and color blindness among private and public primary pupils in Nueva Valencia, GuimarasBenitez, Ninotchka Vyent B.; Fuentes, Elyssa Marie C.; Jurilla, Raphaela Joy C.; Manderico, Rommel Vincent D.; Mateo, Mary Diadem O.; Raymundo, Nicollete Joy D.; Siojo, Chloe Naty Marie Eugenie A. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2012-03)Refractive error is the number one cause of childhood blindness in the Philippines with a prevalence rate of 53% (3rd National Blindness Survey, 2004). Color blindness is an abnormal condition characterized by the inability to clearly distinguish different colors of the spectrum. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study aimed to assess the visual acuity using the Snellen Chart and prevalence of color blindness using the Ishihara pseudochromatic plates, among private and public elementary school pupils in Nueva Valencia, Guimaras. A total of 324 elementary pupils were included, 113 of them belonged to private school and 214 belonging to public school. The prevalence for both error of refraction (83/63) and color blindness (52/60) is significantly higher in private school than in public school. Age is a factor in developing both disorders. There is a direct correlation between higher income, and error of refraction and color blindness. Several factors could attribute to the results, including diagnostic procedures and lifestyle of the pupils. This study should help raise awareness regarding error of refraction and color blindness to the public, most especially to the parents who tend to neglect the visual performance of their children.Item Acceptability of the newly-formulated food recipes among selected age groups at Brgy. Tabat Tubungan, IloiloBeluso, Heziel F.; Buaron, Michelle Jane A.; Hubag, Angelie Rose C.; Macahilo, Judeilan A.; Mationg, Mary Lorraine S.; Nismal, Myles C.; Pido,Dianah D.; Simaurio, Geraldine C.; Sodusta, Valerie Joy M.; Yasa, Kutch V. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2007-03)This research study is a cross-sectional survey done among 90 conveniently selected residents of Brgy. Tabat Tubungan, Iloilo in order to determine the acceptability of the newly-formulated food recipes based on sensory analysis (appearance, smell, taste and texture), general acceptability, cost, and food action response. The ingredients used in each of the three new recipes namely tortang malunggay, alugbati-squash ukoy and Palawan delight are nutritious, cheap and indigenous to the community. The acceptability test was done among the three selected age groups: school-age children (6-12 yrs old), adolescents (13-19 yrs old) and adult (20-40 yrs old). Pre-tested structured questionnaires were used in the evaluation of the acceptability of the three recipes. Results were analyzed using frequency distribution and test of proportion to determine whether or not the prepared recipes are acceptable. Chi-square analysis was used to test the independence of acceptability of the food items based on the set criteria and the age group categories of the panelists. The results show that three newly formulated recipes namely tortang malunggay, alugbati-squash ukoy and Palawan delight were found to contain high amount of energy content (107 kcal, 181 kcal and 160 kcal) and essential nutrients such as vitamins A and C, calcium and iron which are needed and vital to the body. The percent Recommended Dietary Allowance requirements derived from the three newly formulated food recipes were 5.35% of the total caloric need per serving for the tortang malunggay, alugbati-squash ukoy and palawan delight could supply 9.05% and 8.00% of the total caloric needs. For the sensory test, results show that in terms of the appearance, the three recipes: tortang malunggay, alugbati-squash ukoy and Palawan delight are acceptable to 82.22%, 95.56%, and 84.44% of the panelists respectively. Smell of the three recipes is acceptable to 87.78% of the panelists. Among the ninety panelists, 87.78% and 83.33% said that the taste of the food recipes is acceptable. In terms of texture, tortang malunggay received the highest acceptance level of 88.89%. Based on general acceptability, Palawan delight was liked by 93.33% panelist. The computed Chi-square values show that the acceptability based on sensory analysis and general acceptability of the three food recipes (except the taste of alugbati-squash ukoy) is not dependent on the age group category of the panelists. The costs of the three recipes were also acceptable to 95.56% of the panelists. As to the food action-response, 95.56% expressed a favorable response. Because of the positive results obtained during the acceptability test on the three food items, the researchers recommend these recipes be included in Food Supplementation and Nutrition Education activities.