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    Floristic composition and diversity of mangroves in selected sites in the province of Antique, Panay Island, Philippines.
    Balinas, Lucelle V. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2006-03)
    Mangroves in the Philippines are in constant danger due to innumerable disturbances in the environment. The study endeavored to assess the floristic composition and diversity of the mangroves in the province of Antique through transect and ocular survey in the randomly selected sites throughout the province. Diversity in the region is high with the presence of 3 1 true mangrove species represented by 16 families and 14 genera. The species include Acanthus ebracteatus, A. ilicifolius, and A. volubilis from Family Acanthaceae, Avicennia alba, A. marina. A. officinalis, and A. rhumphiana from Family Avicenniaceae, Camptostemon philippinensis from Family Bombaceae, Lumnitzera littorea and Lumnitzera racemosa from Family Combretaceae, Excoecaria agallocha from Family Euphorbiaceae, Pemphis acidula from Family Lythraceae, Xylocarpus granatum and Xylocarpus moluccensis from Family Meliaceae, Aegiceras corniculatum and Aegiceras floridum from Family Myrsinaceae, Osbornia octodonta of Family Myrtaceae, Nypa fruticans of Family Palmae, Bruguieria cvlindrica. B. gymnorrhiza, and B. sexangula, Ceriops decandra, C. tagal, Rhizophora apiculata. R. mucronata and R. stylosa from Family Rhizophoraceae, Scyphiphora hydrophvllaceae from Family Rubiaceae, Sonneratia alba, S. caseolaris and S. ovata from Family Sonneratiaceae, and Heritiera littoralis from Family Sterculiaceae . The Shannon Index of Diversity used to determine the measure of diversity in the area is correlated with Pielou's Equitability Index for Evenness. The measures of indices showed that diversity and evenness of the mangal area in the province are directly related, with values of 0.73232 and 0.51163, respectively. Caluya showed the highest diversity index of 1.0132, which consisted of 28 species from 13 families and 15 genera, while Bugasong has a relatively low diversity of 0.0486, denoted by 6 species from 4 families and 4 genera. In general, the high variations in the geomorphology of coastal areas in Antique provided a wide range of substrata for colonization of mangroves that contributed to the high species diversity.
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    Fungal pathogen associated with Rhizophora stylosa: A comparative study between oiled and unoiled sites within Taklong Island National Marine Reserve (TINMAR), Nueva Valencia, Guimaras
    Balanga-an, Kristoffer (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2009-03)
    Mangroves, refer to an assemblage of trees and shrubs that inhabit the coastal intertidal zone in tropical and subtropical regions. They help in the soil formation, protection, and stabilization of our coastal environment as well as serve as shelter and breeding grounds for some of our marine organisms. A mangrove habitat represents the borderline between land and sea and is considered as one of the principal places where spilled oil and associated impacts converge. Oil spill threaten mangroves by predisposing the plants to fungal attacks thereby reducing their resistance to stress and diseases. Studies also show that certain fungi species are able to utilize oil in contaminated mangrove species. This study generally aims to compare the fungal population found on the diseased leaves of Rhizophora stylosa between oiled and unoiled sites in the Taklong Island National Marine Reserve (TINMAR). It also aims to isolate, characterize and identify fungi present in diseased leaves of Rhizophora stylosa using potato dextrose agar (PDA) culture media and determine their frequency of occurrence. Leaf samples were collected from two sites in TINMAR, one of which was contaminated by oil and the other one was not. Three trees were selected to represent each of the two sampling sites (oiled and unoiled), and to each of the selected trees, three diseased leaves were collected. The results of this study showed the dominance of some species of fungi namely, Aspergillus (40%), Penicillium (20%), Cladosporium (13.33%), Monilia (6.67%), Mycelia (6.67%), Humicola (6.67%), and Pestalotiopsis (6.67%). Five out of these seven genera were isolated from the unoiled site while six of these were isolated from the oiled site. Generally, the fungal population was observed to be greater in the oiled site than in the unoiled. This preliminary data indicate that R. stylosa might still be undergoing stress due to the remaining components of the spilled oil in the area. However, this can only be resolved by further monitoring.
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    Community structure of mangroves in selected barangays in Sebaste, Antique
    Alorro, Mary Juandin Grace F. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2007-03)
    Mangroves are higher plants that are primarily found predominantly in the intertidal areas such as estuaries and lagoons of the tropical and subtropical shorelines. This study was conducted to assess the community structure of mangroves in Barangay Callan, Barangay Idio, Barangay Poblacion, Barangay Abiera, and Barangay Bacalan, Sebaste, Antique, using the transect line method. Specifically, it aimed to determine selected physical and chemical factors such as salinity, pH, temperature for water and soil as well as characterization of the substrate; identify and classify true mangrove species present in the area; and describe the community structure in terms of stand basal area, stems per hectare, relative density, relative frequency, relative dominance, importance value, Shannon index of diversity, zonation patterns, seedling and sapling density. No study has been done to document the community structure of mangroves in Sebaste, Antique thus, this study was done to provide vital information needed for its proper management. Three stations were selected in Sebaste, Antique. Four (4) species of true mangroves were identified, belonging to three (3) families: Palmae - Nypa fruticans; Rhizophoraceae - Rhizophora apiculata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza; and Euphorbiaceae - Excoecaria agallocha. The study area had a water salinity range of 0.6 ppt to 15.3 ppt; water temperature range of 28.3°C to 35.4°C; water pH range of 7.1 to 7.7; soil temperature range of 28.3°C to 34.7°C; and soil pH range of 6.5 to 7.2. Basal area ranges from 3.16 m2/ha (Rhizophora apiculata) to 5.88 m2/ha (Excoecaria agallochd) to 8.19 m2/ha (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza) . The species with the highest average of stems per hectare were Excoecaria agallocha and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza with 300 as well as the highest average density value of 100 for Excoecaria agallocha. Nypa fruticans had the highest relative frequency and relative dominance. Among the four species, the most important species was Nypa fruticans. The Shannon Index of Dominance was 0.403 which was quite low in terms of diversity as influenced by the dominance of Nypa fruticans.
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    Community structure, biomass production and carbon stock assessment of mangroves in Barangay Ambolong, Batan, Aklan
    Agregado, Leizel B. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2013-04)
    Mangroves are evergreen shrubs and trees of several unrelated families that thrive within intertidal zones of sheltered flats, coves, bays, and estuarine regions extending inland along streams and river where water is primarily brackish. Continued threats to their existence call for their protection and conservation. This study was conducted to assess the community structure of mangroves in Brgy. Ambolong, Batan, Aklan by 1). measuring physico-chemical parameters (salinity, temperature, pH) 2). describing the community structure in terms of and in terms of a) basal area, b) stems per hectare, c) relative density, d) relative frequency, e) relative dominance, f) importance value, g) Index of Diversity, h) seedling and sapling density, and i) zonation pattern; 3). to assess the bidmass production and carbon stock. This study was done to provide preliminary information regarding the current status of mangroves in the area. Three (3) transect lines, each containing three (3) plots, were established in the area. Twenty (20) mangrove species belonging to eleven (11) families were identified: Acanthaceae - Acanthus ebreatus, Acanthus volubilis; Arecaceae - Nypa fruticans; Avicenniaceae - Avicennia alba, Avicennia marina, Avicennia officinalis, Avicennia rumphiana; Bombaceae — Camptostemon philippinensis; Euphorbiaceae - Excoecaria agallocha; Meliaceae — Xylocarpus grioanatum, Xylocarpus moluccensis; Myrsinaceae — Aegiceras corniculatum; Myrtaceae - Osbornia octodonta; Rhizophoraceae - Bruguiera cylindrica, Ceriops decandra, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora stylosa; Rubiaceae - Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea; Sonneratiaceae - Sonneratia alba. Water salinity in the study area ranged from 27-30 ppt; soil temperature ranged from 28°C to 30°C. Avicennia marina had the highest values for basal area (4.22 m2/ha), stems per hectare (15,700 stems per hectare), relative density (63.56), relative frequency (63.56%), relative dominance (48.10%), and was the most important species with the importance value of 175. Rhizophora stylosa had the lowest values for basal area (0.002 m2/ha), stems per hectare (100 stems/ha), relative density (0.40 trees/ha), relative frequency (0.4%), relative dominance (0.23%), and was the least important species, having the importance value of 0.832. Rhizophora apiculata and Avicennia officinalis, together with Rhizophora stylosa, had the lowest value for stems per hectare (100 stems/ha), relative density (0.40 trees/ha), and relative frequency (0.4%). Seedling density was highest for Avicennia alba(187 seedlings/ha) and lowest for Bruguiera cylindrica (1 seedling/ha). Sapling density was highest for Avicennia marina (54 saplings/ha) and lowest for Excoecaria agallocha (1 sapling/ha). The Index of Diversity was H=0.598. The highest recorded litter was 336.6 g in December 19, 2012-January 2, 2013 while the lowest was recorded at 18.2 grams in December 5-December 29, 2012. Highest biomass production was that of Avicennia marina (962.94 tons/ha), while the lowest was Avicennia officinalis (0.009 tons/ha). Avicennia marina had the highest carbon stock value of 433.32 tons/ha; the lowest was that of Avicennia officinalis (0.004 tons/ha).
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    Assessment of damage to mangroves in Taklong Island National Marine Reserve, Guimaras, Philippines: 10 years after the 2006 oil spill
    Amistas, Jhon Robert (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2017-06)
    Approximately 2 million liters of bunker C was spilled by M/T Solar I off the coast of southern Guimaras on August 11, 2006. This is the worst oil spill in the country to date that affected the mangroves within Taklong Island National Marine Reserve, Nueva Valencia, Guimaras. Rapid assessment of impacts on the mangroves was done one month after the spill and long-term monitoring was done from 2007-2014. This study was conducted to determine the mangrove status 10 years after the spill in terms of community structure. Specifically, it determined a) species composition, b) stand basal area, c) stand height, d) relative density, e) relative dominance, e) relative frequency, f) importance value, g) index of diversity, h) species evenness, i) density of seedling, saplings, and trees. In addition, leaf area was also determined as an indicator of the health conditions of the species present. The same five stations in earlier studies were used, namely Bagaman, Pototan, Taklong Island (oiled), Tandog and Taklong Island (unoiled), Nueva Valencia, and Guimaras. Results showed that the community structure showed an improvement, especially in stand, basal area, wilding, and tree density while no change in terms of species diversity due to the absence of new species. The leaf areas of mangroves in Bagatnan indicated some signs of stress but showed an improvement since 2006. In general, the oil-affected mangroves in TINMR have shown signs of recovery. However, it is recommended that additional monitoring activities be conducted.