Undergraduate Special Problem
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Item Effects of pH and salinity on growth and survival of juvenile sea cucumber Holothuria scabra (Jaeger, 1833)Abagat, Christian M. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2012-03)Sea cucumber aquaculture could provide a solution to both enhance declining wild sea cucumber populations through restocking and provide sufficient beche-de-mer product to satisfy the increasing Asian market demand. The growth and survival of hatchery-reared Holothuria scabra juveniles at different pH-salinity levels were investigated. Juveniles were exposed for 14 days in six pH-salinity levels: Trt 1 (pH 6.5 — 6.7, 26-28 %o), Trt 2 (pH 6.5 - 6.7, normal salinity), Trt 3 (pH 7.0 - 7.2, 26-28 %o), Trt 4 (pH 7.0 — 7.2, normal salinity), Trt 5 (normal pH, 26-28 %o) and Trt 6 (normal pH, normal salinity) as the control. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) with repeated measurements revealed that pH and salinity had a significant effect on growth (length, width, and weight) and survival of H. scabra juveniles. Slight seawater desalination combined with high acidification (pH: 6.5-6.7) had lethal effects on H. scabra juveniles. While H. scabra juveniles could be reared in seawater with pH ≥ 7.0- 7.2 and salinity ≥ 26-28 %o, ambient seawater conditions remained the most suitable in rearing H. scabra juveniles for optimum growth and survival.Item Effects of crude methanolic extract of purple nutgrass (Cyperus rotundus L.) on the maturation of golfish oocytesAcebuque, Florel May C. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2014-04)Cyperus rotundus L. is a pernicious weed, which is traditionally used for different medical purposes and is locally recommended for antifertility purposes. A number of pharmacologically important constituents have been previously isolated from the plant. This study aims to test the effects of the crude methanolic extract of C. rotundus L. on the maturation of goldfish oocytes. The extract is found to induce 100% maturation at 5 mg/mL concentration. However, it becomes toxic at higher concentration. All goldfish oocytes (100% ) has died at 20 mg/mL concentration. The steroids and flavonoids present in the plant may be responsible for inducing goldfish oocyte maturation, whereas the alkaloids may be toxic to the oocytes. Further studies using mammalian systems in vivo and characterization of individual constituents are recommended.Item Behavior pattern of hatchery-produced sea cucumber Bohadschia marmorata (Jaeger, 1833) juveniles upon releaseArcenas, Jascha S. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2017-06)This study reports on the behavior of hatchery-reared Bohadschia marmorata juveniles upon release in two different microhabitat types within TINMR: a bare sand patch (TALISAY) and a seagrass vegetated area (BANAGO) during high tide and low tide. Percentage of burrowed juveniles, burying rates, traveled distances, speeds, and direction of movement were determined hourly over a 3-hr period. Results show that more than half of the juveniles released at the vegetated microhabitat displayed burrowing behavior at both tidal conditions. The mean percentage of burrowed individuals differed significantly with tides and their interaction with the microhabitat. Juveniles released at barren microhabitats yielded the highest burying rates (9 animals hr-1) and percentage of burrowed individuals. Coarse sand substrates with poor organic matter content induced mobility of Bohadschia marmorata. Results from the release experiments suggest that seagrass beds may be a potential release site for tropical species like Bohadschia marmorata.Item Assesment on the competencies of barangay health workers in relation to their sociodemographic characteristicsArbado, Pearl Joy C.; Laurente, Inna Grace R.; Loberiza, Lamont Joseph S.; Militar, Anna Raisa G.; Quidato, Jun Pretzel E.; Ong, Meghan Y.; Salada, Anna Patriz F.; Salcedo, Yehonathan Joseph V. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2019-06)In the Philippines, where the basic political unit is the Barangay, CHWs are known locally as Barangay Health Workers (BHWs), and they play a vital role in the delivery of health services throughout the country. These are people that have undergone training programs under any accredited government and non-government organizations and who render primary health care services in the community after having been accredited to function. Their roles are subdivided as community organizers, health educators, and health care service providers. This study aims to determine the relationship between the sociodemographic characteristics to the competence of BHWs in the First Congressional District of Iloilo. A competence assessment tool was then used to perform a guided interview of the midwives to evaluate the performance of 177 BHWs. Pearson Chi-Square and Fisher’s Exact Test were used to test the relation between variables. Out of the seven municipalities, only Igbaras was lowly competent with an average weighted mean of 3.85. Findings revealed that age (p-value=0.137), educational attainment (p-value=0.302), and length of experience (p-value=0.336)), had no significant relationship with the overall competence of BHWs as well as with the level of competence. Income, however, revealed to be statistically significant given the p-value of 0.020. BHWs with an income of 3000PHP and below is 3.4 (95% CI: 0.097 to 0.874) times more likely to be lowly competent.Item Species composition and distribution of fish larvae in Lianga Bay, Surigao del SurAcabado, Cristy S. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2007-03)The species composition and distribution of ichthyoplankton in Lianga Bay, Surigao del Sur was investigated in June 2004. A total of 37 families were recorded from horizontal tows collected in 32 sampling stations. The most dominant larvae were Gobiidae and Pomacentridae, which comprised 20.4% and 16.0% of all larvae sampled, respectively. Overall larval density was 4.2 ind. 100 m-3 (n=32; sd=5.0), with highest concentrations in the inner portion of the bay particularly in the west and southwest portions. On the other hand, egg density (mean=0.9 eggs m-3; n=32; sd=0.9) showed highest concentration near the coastline but further from the central basal portion of the bay. Patches of high egg concentrations suggest that Lianga Bay may serve as spawning ground for some species.Item Assessment of damage to mangroves in Taklong Island National Marine Reserve, Guimaras, Philippines: 10 years after the 2006 oil spillAmistas, Jhon Robert (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2017-06)Approximately 2 million liters of bunker C was spilled by M/T Solar I off the coast of southern Guimaras on August 11, 2006. This is the worst oil spill in the country to date that affected the mangroves within Taklong Island National Marine Reserve, Nueva Valencia, Guimaras. Rapid assessment of impacts on the mangroves was done one month after the spill and long-term monitoring was done from 2007-2014. This study was conducted to determine the mangrove status 10 years after the spill in terms of community structure. Specifically, it determined a) species composition, b) stand basal area, c) stand height, d) relative density, e) relative dominance, e) relative frequency, f) importance value, g) index of diversity, h) species evenness, i) density of seedling, saplings, and trees. In addition, leaf area was also determined as an indicator of the health conditions of the species present. The same five stations in earlier studies were used, namely Bagaman, Pototan, Taklong Island (oiled), Tandog and Taklong Island (unoiled), Nueva Valencia, and Guimaras. Results showed that the community structure showed an improvement, especially in stand, basal area, wilding, and tree density while no change in terms of species diversity due to the absence of new species. The leaf areas of mangroves in Bagatnan indicated some signs of stress but showed an improvement since 2006. In general, the oil-affected mangroves in TINMR have shown signs of recovery. However, it is recommended that additional monitoring activities be conducted.Item Comparative growth rates and gross morphology of hybrid catfish clarias gariepinus (female) x clarias macrocephalus (male)Agase, Mark Christian A. (Division of Biological Sciences, Bachelor of Science in Biology, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2004-03)Catfishes are among the groups that has been considered economically important fishes in the Philippines and in other countries. The freshwater catfish Clarias macrocephalus is native to the Philippines but it is becoming scarce in many natural habitats. It is a favorite food dish due to its tender and delicious meet. Aquaculturists these days focus more their attention to the culture of exotic species like Clarias gariepinus and Clarias batrachus that in turn resulted to the near extinction of the native species. There is therefore a need to undertake a breeding program involving this native catfish and other exotic species.A 12-week study was conducted to compare the growth rates of the hybrid catfish C. macrocephalus (♂) X C. gariepinus (♀) in natural ponds and laboratory rearing conditions. In addition, the length-weight relationship was also determined. Gross morphology was also noted in the experiment.Results showed that the trend for SGR of the hybrid in natural pond and laboratory rearing conditions from weeks 2 to 12 is decreasing. Continued feeding of the hybrids on artificial diets results in poor fish growth. T-test revealed that there is a significant difference on the SGR for both the length and weight with hybrids in natural pond rearing conditions being consistently higher than the laboratory set-up.From the linear regression equation, there was no homogeneity of regression, coefficients, or slopes in the mean body lengths (MBL) and mean body weights (MBW) of me hybrids in the natural pond and laboratory rearing condition. It simply means that there is a significant difference on the growth rates of the hybrid as to the type of environment they are reared. The product-moment correlation showed that there is a linear relationship between the length and the weight of the hybrid fish, 7.9305378 X 104 being the constant. Gross morphology of the hybrids includes the appearance of a trident-shaped occipital process, which was not pointed and narrow as in the case of the parent C. gariepinus. A turtle shell-like design arranged bilaterally characterizes the dorsal side of the head. A modification of the dorsal fin was also noted as to the presence of the adipose fin at the posterior end of the dorsal fin, which was about 3-5 mm in length.Item Physiochemical factors affecting mangrove distribution and occurrence in selected sites in the Province of AntiqueAgapin, Antonio, Jr. D. (Division of Biological Sciences, Bachelor of Science in Biology, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2009-03)Mangrove forests are unique inter-tidal ecosystems comprised of taxonomically diverse, salt-tolerant tree and other plant species that are primarily found o.i relatively sheltered coastlines, deltas, estuaries, and lagoons in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The objective of this study is to generally determine the physicochemical factors influencing the distribution and occurrence of mangroves in selected sites in the Province of Antique and to specifically measure selected physicochemical factors influencing the distribution and occurrence per species per municipality and correlate selected physicochemical factors like soil and water salinity, soil and water pH, and soil and water temperature influencing the distribution and occurrence per species per municipality using Pearson Correlation Coefficient. There were 224 plots established in 11 municipalities in the province of Antique. Twenty-five plots were established in Anini-y, 44 in Hamtic, 11 in San Jose, 5 in Belison, 18 in Patnongon, 23 in Bugasong, 11 in Barbaza, 9 in Tibiao, 26 in Culasi, 23 in Pandan, and 29 in Semirara. A total of 27 true mangrove species belonging to 12 families were found in the 11 municipalities of Antique. The 12 families are Family Avicenniaceae represented by Avicennia alba , Avicennia marina, Avicennia officinales, and Avicennia rumphiana', Family Combretaceae represented by Lumnitzera racemosa and Lumnitzera littorea; Family Euphorbiaceae represented by Excoecaria agallocha; Family Lythraceae represented by Pemphis acidula; Family Meliaceae represented by Xylocarpus granatum and Xylocarpus moluccensis; Family Myrsinaceae represented by Aegiceras coniculatum and Aegiceras floridum; Family Myrtaceae represented by Osbornia octodonta; Family Arecaeae (Palmae) represented by Nypa fruticans; Family Rhizophoraceae represented by Bruguiera cylindrica, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Bruguiera sexangula, Ceriops decandra, Ceriops tagal, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, and Rhizophora stylosa; Family Rubiaceae represented by Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea; Family Sonneratiaceae presented by Sonneratia alba, Sonneratia caseolaris, Sonneratia ovata; and Family Sterculiaceae represented by Heritiera littoralis. For Soil pH, the highest value of 8.87 was observed in the municipality of Hamtic and the lowest at 6.32 in the municipality of Semirara. Overall mean soil pH was 7.31. For Water pH, the highest value of 8.96 was observed in the municipality of San Jose, and the lowest value of 6.29 in the municipality of Tibiao. Overall mean water pH was 7.23. For salinity, it ranged from 3.1 ppt (Tibiao) to 27.47 (Semirara) and the overall mean was 13.37 ppt For Water Temperature, the highest value of 29.48 °C was observed in Anini-y & the lowest value of 24.74 °C in the municipality of Semirara with an overall mean of 27.40 °C. For Soil Temperature, the highest value of 30.2 °C was observed in the municipality of Belison & the lowest value of 24.97 °C in the municipality of Semirara with an overall mean of 27.50 °C. Among the species present, Aegiceras floridum showed significant correlation with Soil pH (favor low soil pH), water pH ( favor low water pH), salinity ( favor high salinity), soil temperature (favor high soil temperature) and water temperature (low water temperature), A. rumphiana showed significant correlation with water pH (favor low water pH) and soil temperature ( favor low soil temperature), B. cylindrica showed significant correlation with soil pH ( favor high soil pH), C. decandra showed significant correlation with water pH (favor low water pH) and salinity (favor high salinity), L. littorea showed significant correlation with soil pH (favor high soil pH), water pH (favor high water pH), salinity (favor high salinity), soil temperature (favor high soil temperature) and water temperature (favor high water temperature), O. octodonta showed significant correlation with soil pH (favor high soil pH), water pH (favor low water pH), salinity ( favor low salinity), soil temperature (favor high soil temperature) and water temperature (favor low water temperature), S. caseolaris showed significant correlation with water pH (favor low water pH), salinity (favor low salinity), soil temperature (favor low soil temperature) and water temperature (favor low water temperature) and S. ovata showed significant correlation with soil pH ( low soil pH), salinity (favor low salinity) and water temperature (favor low water temperature). Species like A. corniculatum, A. alba, A. marina, B. sexxangula, E agallocha, H. littoralis, L racemosa, N. fruticans, R apiculata, R mucronata, R stylosa, S. alba, X. granatum and X. moluccencis showed wide tolerance (no correlation) in all physicochemical factors (Soil Salinity, Water pH, Soil pH, Soil Temperature and Water Temperature).Item Influence of sediments of varying grain size composition on growth, survival and burrowing activity of the Ball Sea cucumber, Phyllophorus proteus (Bell,1884) juvenilesAmuenda, Jazriel Ann A. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2016-05)Phyllophorus proteus is a high-value sea cucumber species in Philippines but is also one of the most exploited. Hatchery-produced juveniles are used for stock enhancement as a means of restoring depleted population however biology of P. proteus have not yet been studied on. Burrowing incidence of ball sea cucumber P. proteus (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) juveniles (4-5 length x 0.05). After 4 weeks, growth of P. proteus juveniles was significantly higher (/?<0.05) when reared on profile C (growth rate: 0.79±.13mm %d-l) than either profile B (p=0.009) (0.34±0.14 mm %d-l) or profile A (p=0.030) (0.21±0.11mm %d-l). Survival is highest in profile B (S=100%), intermediate in profile C and lowest in profile A although the difference is insignificant (p>0.05) Very fine-fine-grained sediments is the most preferred by ball sea cucumber juveniles while coarse sand seems to be unsuitable.Item Inhibition of bacterial Biofilm formation by selected wild Macrofungi from Miagao, IloiloAnacita, Beatrice L. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2023-07)Biofilms are complex bacterial communities with high-stress tolerance and antimicrobial resistance, posing a global health concern. Mushrooms are known for their bioactive compounds, including antimicrobial properties, and may offer a solution for inhibiting biofilm formation. This study investigates the biofilm inhibition activity of wild macrofungi collected in Miagao, Iloilo. Five basidiomycetous macrofungi—Panaeolus sp., Chlorophyllum hortense, Lentinus concavus, Hexagonia hydnoides, and Daedalea sp.—were characterized. Bacterial strains were treated with equal concentrations of ethanolic mycelial extracts from the macrofungi samples and evaluated for adherence and inhibition percentage using a microtiter plate assay at 37°C for 72 hours. The results showed strong inhibition (>50%) of all macrofungi extracts against S. aureus. Hexagonia hydnoides exhibited the highest inhibition against both S. aureus (84.3%) and E. coli (14.1%). Chlorophyllum hortense, Lentinus concavus, Daedalea sp., and Panaeolus sp. demonstrated 83.7%, 82.4%, 81.25%, and 80% inhibition of S. aureus biofilm formation, respectively. However, the inhibition observed with all extracts against E. coli was not statistically significant (all <15%). The significant findings, particularly in inhibiting S. aureus biofilm production, indicate the presence of biological activity in the tested macrofungal extracts. These findings suggest their potential usefulness in the search for antibiofilm treatments