Undergraduate Special Problem
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Item Phytosociological study in Garantiangan Island, Taklong Island National Marine Reserve (TINMR), Nueva Valencia, Guimaras, PhilippinesCalesterio, Krizha Marie C. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2018-12)Each island has a unique set of characteristics attributed to differences in size, isolation, relief and climate, and origin. Such characteristic influence their floristic composition. Rapid development of tropical islands due to expansion of tourism thus put the flora under risks. In addition, the impact of climate change is also a big factor. There is a need to do baseline studies for proper management and conservation purposes. This study was conducted in Garantiangan Island (a part of Taklong Island National Marine Reserve) in Nueva Valencia, Guimaras, Philippines to assess the species composition, and community structure of flora present. Data were collected by establishing random plots from August 2016 to February 2017. Results showed a total of 45 species (7 unidentified) belonging to 26 families, were recorded. Rubiaceae was the most dominant family, having five representative species. Invasive species found were Leucaena leucocephala, and Lantana camara. Floras found belonged to two types of vegetation namely; littoral vegetation: herbaceous strand, littoral shrubland and littoral forest zone and mangrove vegetation. Total stand basal area was 16.63 m2 ha- 1 , with 4985.71 stems ha-1. The total seedling density (1943 individuals ha- 1) > total sapling density (1686 individuals ha- 1) > total tree density (1343 individuals ha- 1) suggests “good” regeneration status. 1. Tarenna littoralis had the highest relative density (18.05%) and frequency (8 %). Terminalia foetidissima had the highest relative dominance (26.70%) and was the most important species (37.04 %). Shannon-Weiner diversity index and Simpson evenness index values recorded were 1.33 and 0.89, respectively, which suggests low diversity and evenness in the island. Given that the biodiversity in the island is threatened, though the results are preliminary and full floral surveys were not carried out, data gathered can serve as a basis for conservation and management actions.Item Community structure of holothuroids in selected seagrass beds in Taklong Island National Marine Reserve, Guimaras, PhilippinesCalaguing, Aldwyn C. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2018-06)Sea cucumbers are beneficial to mankind commercially as food and medicinal commodity. Overexploitation and illegal catch of these organisms even within Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) caused stock depleting and even local extinction of some populations in the country. Monitoring and regular assessment of their population is a must for their proper management and protection. This study investigated the status of holothuroid community within 4 selected seagrass meadows in Taklong Island National Marine Reserve (TINMR), Nueva Valencia, Guimaras. Holothuroid composition and estimates of density, frequency and distribution were determined through plot method. Species identification was based on gross morphology and spicule analysis. There were 40 individuals collected identified as 5 species, namely, Holothuria atra (n = 18), Holothuria pulla (n = 1), Holothuria scabra (n = 5), Bohadschia vitiensis (n = 2) and Synapta maculata (n = 13). The first 4 belonged to Order Aspidochirotida and the last belonged to Order Apodida. Their distribution and community structure in TINMR are likely influenced by the physical and chemical environment, seagrass community poaching, and cryptic behavior.Item Oxygen requirement of Sea Cucumber (Bohadschia marmorata)Cahuya, Jezyl Leigh D. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2017-06)The oxygen consumption of juvenile sea cucumber Bohadschia marmorata was studied in the laboratory. The effects of temperature and body weight on oxygen consumption rate (OCR) were determined by measuring the dissolved oxygen levels using closed bottle respiratory method. Mean weight specific OCR of B. marmorata juveniles was low (9±4 pgO2h-1g-1). The OCR decreased with time from 16.9±9.1 to 6.09±3.86 ugO2h-1g-1 rapidly declining in the first two hours then, more gradually thereafter (R2=-0.92). Factors such as temperature and size affect OCR. Oxygen consumption rate tends to increase with increasing temperature. Bigger animals have low OCR levels than smaller ones (R2=0.32).Item Community structure, biomass and carbon stock assessment of mangrove forest in Poblacion, Batan, Batan Bay, Aklan, PhilippinesCagalawan, Donna Novei C. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2013-04)The continued loss of mangroves in Batan Bay, Aklan and elsewhere in the Philippines warrants urgent attention. Appropriate management schemes can only be drawn after a scientific assessment of the remaining mangroves in a given area. This study aimed to 1.) assess the community structure, of mangroves in Poblacion, Batan, Aklan using accepted ecological indicators such as a.) determine the physical and chemical factors such as salinity, temperature of water and soil, pH as well as substrate characterization; b.) identify and classify true mangrove species present in the area; c.) Stand Basal Area, d.) stems per hectare, e.) relative density, f.) relative frequency, g.) relative dominance, h.) importance value, i.) Shannon Index of Dominance and; 2.) determine biomass and carbon density in the above ground pools of mangroves. A total of nineteen (19) true mangrove species represented by six families were identified in Poblacion, Batan, Aklan. The true mangrove species were Aegiceras corniculatum, Avicennia alba, Avicennia marina, Avicennia officinalis, Avicennia rumphiana, Bruguiera cylindrica, Camptostemon philippenensis, Ceriops decandra, Excoecaria agallocha, Lumnitzera littorea, Nypa fruticans, Osbornia octodanta, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora stylosa, Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea, Sonneratia alba, Xylocarpus granatum and Xylocarpus moluccencis. Camptostemon philippenensis had the highest basal area with 103.14 m2/ha and the highest relative dominance with the value of 39.26%. Avicennia marina has the highest stems per hectare in the area with the value of 32, 400. It also recorded the highest average density at 167 trees/ha and was present in all plots with relative frequency of 44.15%. Avicennia marina was the most important species with value of 300.21. Camptostemon philippinensis had the highest seedling density of 586 seedlings per hectare, whereas Avicennia marina had the highest sapling density of 20 saplings per hectare. In terms of biomass, Avicennia marina recorded the greatest biomass at 79.42 tons/ ha and the highest carbon stock of 36.7 tons/ha. A total of 203.87 tons/ha biomass and 91.728 tons/ha carbon stock was determined. Based on the leaf litter fall, Transect 1 has the highest leaf fall at 664.9g.m2. Litter production was highest during November 5, 2012-November 19, 2012 and lowest in December 17, 2012- December 31, 2012 in all three transects.Item A study of the gut contents of compressed tubby (Canthigaster compressa) from Talibon, Bohol and Palompon, Leyte, PhilippinesCaduada, Laymart A. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2017-06)The Philippines has one of the longest coastlines and is among the top producers of fisheries products in the world. The industry however is threatened by unsustainable fishing practices and dwindling resources. Proper fisheries management is hindered by an extensive lack of biological information on resource populations. Studying fish feeding habits based on gut content analysis could provide insights on fish feeding patterns and trophic interactions in aquatic food webs and enhance our understanding of exploited resources. The study compares the composition of the gut contents of Canthigaster compressa caught by sled trawl in seagrass beds in Talibon, Bohol and Palompon, Leyte. Sixty eight specimens from Talibon and 80 from Palompon were examined. Chyme made up 70-76% of the total gut contents in both areas. A total of 23 prey items were observed. Diet composition in Palompon was more diverse as compared to Talibon. Gut contents changed with size/age, with an apparent increase in the proportion of seagrass/algae as fish size increased. This suggests that the tubby shifts to a more herbivorous diet as they grow older. The amount of forams in the guts also decreased with size which could be attributed to a shift in habitat from seagrass to coral reefs. The results also show that crustaceans are more abundant in Palompon than in Talibon which could mean that Palompon has a richer seagrass-associated crustacean population. Further studies about the abundance of crustaceans in the fish diet in Palompon and Talibon is encouraged as it could be useful in assessing the ecological conditions of the areas.Item Habitat-type and temporal comparison of the meiobenthic composition of Taklong Island National Marine ReserveBurgos, Lorelie A. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2009-03)Meiofauna are very important indicators of human disturbances in the natural ecosystem. It plays a major role in the primary production, rapid nutrient cycling and other benthic chemical processes. Knowledge regarding marine benthic communities is scarce and is limited only to temperate regions. Moreover, only a few have been conducted in the Philippines, while no studies have been conducted in the Taklong Island National Marine Reserve, Nueva Valencia, Guimaras, so this serves as the baseline for further studies to be conducted in the place. This study provides a characterization of the spatial and temporal distribution of meiobenthic fauna in the Taklong Island National Marine Reserve. Specifically, the study aimed to compare the composition of meiobenthic infauna in different habitat types and to examine changes in their abundance and distribution from 4, 16 and 26 weeks after the oil spill. Meiobenthic samples were collected in Taklong Island National Marine Reserve during the Rapid and Monitoring Phases of the Benthos Project of the UPV Oil Spill Response Program. Surveys were conducted in September 2 and November 23, 2006 and February 9 2007, respectively 4, 16 and 26 weeks after the spill. Nine stations within the area were chosen based on the station grid for the biological surveys. A total of 20 taxa were identified, with nematodes being numerically dominant. It also showed the highest mean abundance in all the sampling period and for the entire habitat type. The over all mean density was (80276.71494 ind. m2, SD =19988.37), with the highest peak in February 20072007 which is 26 weeks after the oil spill (143,508.4 ind/m2). And the lowest density was recorded in the month of September 2006, 4 weeks after the oil spill (47,205.43 ind. m2). For the habitat type soft bottom has the highest recorded mean density in the entire sampling period. For the temporal variation food source, organic matter and temperature dictates the changes in distribution of meiofauna but in the study it mostly because of the oil spill happened before the sampling period.Item Mangrove community structure survey in Barangay Guisi and Linayasan, Altavas, AklanBullo, Gliford G. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2004-04)The mangrove forest is a complex and unique community of medium to large tress, shrubs, vines and palms, oddly thriving with luxuriant growth in the least inviting habitats which have the barest and limited conditions for the growth and survival of higher plant life. This study aims to assess the community structure of mangroves in Barangay Guisi and Linayasan, Altavas, Aklan using accepted ecological indicators. The sampling site, Altavas, Aklan is located at the upper median of Panay Island. There was a total of 15 true mangrove species belonging to the 9 families in the area. The nine families are Family Myrsinaceae represented by Aegiceras corniculatum, Family Avicenniaceae represented by Avicennia alba, Avicennia marina, Avicennia officinalis and Avicennia rumphiana; Family Rhizophorceae represented by Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and Bruguiera parviflora; Family Bombacaceae represented by Camptostemon phihppensis; Family Rubiaceae represented by Scyphiphora hydrophylaceae; Family Meliaceae represented by Xylocarpus granatum and Family Palmae represented by Nypa fruticans. Avicennia rumphiana has the highest mean basal area of 23.21 (m2/ha), while Xylocarpus granatum had the lowest mean basal area of 0.01 (m2/ha). Avicennia rumphiana has the highest relative density of 57, while Xylocarpus granatum has the lowest relative density with a value of 1. Avicennia rumphiana and Avicennia officinalis had the highest relative frequency of 19.8667 Aegiceras corniculatum, Excoecaria agallocha, Scyphtphora hydrophylaceae and Xylocarpus grunatum on the other hand had the lowest relative frequency of 0.4. Avicennia rumphiana is the dominant species with a relative dominance value of 23.66, and Xylocarpus granatum is the least dominant species with relative dominance value of 0.01. Avicennia rumphiana is the most important species in the area with an importance value of 127.1816, and the least important species, as observed, is Xylocarpus granatum with an importance value of 1.685863. The index of diversity is 0.918655 for the entire area.Item The effects of compost produced from rice Oryza sativa straw and sugarcane Saccharum officinarum trash on the growth of pechay Brassica rapaBrizuela, Karlyn G. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2014-03)This study was designed to determine the effects of the application of compost produced from rice Oryza saliva straw and sugarcane Saccharum officinarum trash on the growth of pechay Brassica rapa. Experiments were carried out in a residential lot in Brgy. Punta Taytay, Bacolod City, Negros Occidental. Four set-ups were made with three replicates each. Each set-up corresponded to one compost treatment: treatment (A) was the rice straw compost, treatment (B) was the sugarcane trash compost, treatment (C) was the combination of rice straw and sugarcane trash compost, and treatment (D) served as the control in which no compost was added. The results of the statistical tests showed that there was a significant increase in the growth of pechay plants treated with the three different types of composts as compared to the pechay plants treated with the control. Among all the treatments, pechay plants treated with the combination of rice straw and sugarcane trash compost showed the highest growth yield in terms of the mean plant height (19.61 cm), mean fresh weight (44.95 g), and mean number of leaves per plant (8.99) at the time of harvest. Results also that showed that there was no significant difference in the mean fresh weight and mean number of leaves per plant at the time of harvest in pechay plants treated with the rice straw compost and the sugarcane trash compost.Item Mangrove community structure survey in Pedada Bay, Ajuy, IloiloBravo, Mark G. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2004-04)Mangroves are uniquely tropical, globally occurring and one of the most pervasive coastline ecosystems. They are one of the highly productive and one of the most diverse wetlands on earth. The objective of this study is to assess the community structure of mangroves in Pedada Bay, Ajuy, Iloilo, in particular the species composition and diversity in relation to the physical and chemical factors. Pedada Bay is located in the northern part of Panay Island. The transect line plot method was used to survey the community structure of the mangroves. The floristic composition of Pedada Bay was composed of a total of 18 true mangrove species belonging to 11 families. The true mangroves were Family Avicenniaceae represented by Avicennia marina and A. rumphiana, Family Bombacaceae represented by Camptostemon philippinensis, Family Combretaceae represented by Lumnitzera racemosa, Family Euphorbiaceae represented by Exoecaria agallocha, Family Meliaceae composed of Xylocarpus granatum and X. moluccensis, Family Myrsinaceae composed of Aegiceras corniculatum and A. floridum, Family Myrtaceae represented by Osbornia octodonta, Family Palmae represented by Nypa fruticans, Family Rhizophoraceae composed of Bruguiera cylindrica, Ceriops decandra, Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata, and R. stylosa, Family Rubiaceae, composed of Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea, and Family Sonneratiaceae, composed of Sonneratia alba. Average basal area for the entire Pedada Bay ranges from 300.564 m2/ha for Sonneratia alba to 0.008 m2/ha for Rhizophora mucronata. Average stems per hectare ranges from 1,988 for Avicennia marina to 5 stems per hectare for Aegiceras corniculatum. Of the three barangays of Pedada Bay, Barangay Pedada had the highest basal area while Barangay Luca had the lowest basal area. Sonneratia alba was the most dominant species in the bay. Avicennia marina was the densest, the most frequently occurring, and the most important species in Pedada Bay. The entire area had a high diversity index of 0.718. A distinct zonation pattern was observed in the area. Seedling density ranges from 1,421 seedlings for Sonneratia alba to 1 seedling for Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea. Sapling density ranges from 166 for Avicennia marina to 1 for Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea.Item Rhizosphere fungal diversity of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza in Mag-aba, Pandan, AntiqueBolivia, Marielle Angeli D. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2019-06)Fungi are popularly known to be both ecologically and economically important but knowledge about its diversity particularly fungi located in the rhizosphere of mangroves is poorly known. Fungal population in rhizosphere are closely linked to plant health and growth, function as decomposers of plant residues, antagonize pathogens, and provider of nutrients. However, few studies have been done on this group in the mangroves. The study aimed to assess the rhizosphere fungal diversity of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza in Mag-aba. Pandan, Antique. Specifically, it aimed to (1) isolate, characterize, identify and classify the fungi collected. (2) determine the overall species composition and (3) quantify fungal load in terms of colony forming units (CFU/g). A total of 16 morphological species were identified belonging to four genera namely Aspergillus, Penicillium, Acremonium, Neosartorya and five unknown species of Hyphomycetes. The frequently occurring species in this study were similar to the findings from previous studies such as Aspergillus and Penicillium species. Fungal load (CFU/g) was quantified using two types of media, Com meal agar and Potato dextrose agar. Both culture media obtained a high fungal load quantify (5.0xl04) which is near the typical fungal load of a healthy fertile soil. Shannon-Weiner, Shannon's equitability and Simpson diversity were 2.20, 0.92 and 0.90, respectively. The results suggest that there is a low diversity consistent with previous reports. Thus, more studies should be conducted in other mangrove areas to have a more comprehensive assessment of the diversity and status of rhizosphere fungi in mangrove ecosystems.