Undergraduate Special Problem
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Item The community structure of mangroves in Ivisan, CapizBermoy, Gian Carlo A. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2004-04)The structure of the mangrove community in Ivisan, Capiz was studied using the transect line plot method with fifteen plots established. This study aims to assess the community structure of mangroves in Barangay Agustin Navarra and Barangay Balaring, Ivisan, Capiz using accepted ecological indicators. Community structure is described in terms of the following parameters: basal area, stems per hectare, relative density, relative frequency, relative dominance, importance value of the species, and the Shannon Index of Diversity. Variations in these parameters are correlated with certain physico-chemical factors such as air and water temperature, soil pH, and water salinity. Little study has been done to document the mangroves in Barangay Agustin Navarra and Barangay Balaring, Ivisan, Capiz. This is the first systematic study done in the area; thus, the present study will provide vital information needed for its proper management. A total of nineteen true mangrove species represented by ten families were identified on Barangay Agustin Navarra and Barangay Balaring, Ivisan, Capiz. The true mangroves consisted of Aegiceras corniculatum, Avicennia alba, Avicennia marina, Avicennia officinales, Avicennia rumphiana, Bruguiera cylindrica, Bruguiera parviflora, Camptostemon philippinensis, Ceriops decandra, Exoecaria agallocha, Nypa fruticans, Osbornia octodonta, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora stylosa, Sonneratia alba, Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea, Xylocarpus granatum and Xylocarpus moluccensis. All the species were present in Station 1 except Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea. The species present in Station 2 and in both stations were Avicennia marina, Avicennia rumphiana, Exoecaria agallocha, Osbornia oclodonta, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea, and Sonneratia alba. Avicennia marina has the overall highest relative density of 340 trees per hectare, relative frequency of 22%, relative dominance of 266.655%, and importance value of 628.841%. Seedlings and saplings of Avicennia marina dominate the area indicating that the mangrove community is young and regenerating stand. Barangay Agustin Navarra has the highest index of diversity of 0.87 while Barangay Balaring has an index of diversity of 0.47. The overall index of diversity is 0.674.Item A preliminary investigation on the antimicrobial activity of Luffa cylindrica (Patola) leaf extractBenjamin, Paulette E. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2002-04)Four concentrations were prepared (100%, 75%, 50%, and 25%) from the Patola (Luffa cylindrical) leaf extract. Positive and negative controls were made in order to have a basis for comparison with the other four Patola leaf extract concentrations. Negative controls were purely sterilized distilled water, while the positive controls used were Amoxicillin for bacteria and Mycostatin for Candida albicans. The effectiviness of these concentrations was tested on the growth of the five selected microorganisms, namely: Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus, C. albicans and Microsporum canis. M. canis did not exhibit any growth and had no significant difference. Patola was found to inhibit the growth of S. aureus, S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus at 100% concentration. Patola leaf concentration of 75% weakly inhibited the growth of S. epidermidis and S. aureus. Concentrations of 50%, and 25% showed negative inhibitory activity. Candida albicans in all four concentrations showed negative inhibitory activities. The minimum inhibitory activity that was able to inhibit bacterial growth was at 75% leaf extract concentration.Item Preliminary assessment of forest canopy and seedling condions of mangroves in oil affected areas in Taklong Island National Marine Reserve, GuimarasBenitez, Zaina Lei Licaniel (2007-04)Mangroves are important ecologically and economically in coastal areas in tropica] and sub-tropical areas in the world. However, they continue to be under threat from various human activities either directly or indirectly. The recent oil spill off the coast of southern Guimaras has brought numerous damages to these critical habitats including the mangroves in Taklong Island National Marine Reserve. This study is part of the over all Oil Spill Assessment program conducted by University of the Philippines in the Visayas following the sinking of M.T. Solar 1. This study aimed to determine the effect of oil spill on shoot development as an indicator of health conditions of trees and seedlings of selected mangroves such as Aegiceras floridum, Avicenia marina, Rhizophora apiculata Rhizophora , Rhizophora stylosa, and Sonneratia alba, in Taklong Island National Marine Reserve. Specifically, it aims to determine 1) standing leaves, 2) new leaves, 3) leaf scars of trees and seedlings. Results showed that shoot development among trees were not significantly different between oiled and unoiled sites but closer examination of species response revealed significant differences on standing leaves and new leaves only. Seedling shoot development showed a consistent significant difference among species and between sites. Aegiceras floridum and Sonneratia alba were least affected as shown by the higher number of standing leaves and least number of leaf scar while the Rhizophora spp. and Avicennia marina had the greatest number of leaf scars and least number of standing leaves. Results of this study showed that seedlings are clearly under stress and are more sensitive to oiling than trees although species response also varied individually. While tree species such as the Rhizophora spp. (e.g. R. apiculata, R. stylosa and R. mucronata) appear to be the most sensitive compared with Aegiceras floridum, Avicennia marina and Sonneratia alba. Results of this study will be useful in providing new knowledge on the evaluation of impacts of oil spills on mangroves.Item Acceptability of the newly-formulated food recipes among selected age groups at Brgy. Tabat Tubungan, IloiloBeluso, Heziel F.; Buaron, Michelle Jane A.; Hubag, Angelie Rose C.; Macahilo, Judeilan A.; Mationg, Mary Lorraine S.; Nismal, Myles C.; Pido,Dianah D.; Simaurio, Geraldine C.; Sodusta, Valerie Joy M.; Yasa, Kutch V. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2007-03)This research study is a cross-sectional survey done among 90 conveniently selected residents of Brgy. Tabat Tubungan, Iloilo in order to determine the acceptability of the newly-formulated food recipes based on sensory analysis (appearance, smell, taste and texture), general acceptability, cost, and food action response. The ingredients used in each of the three new recipes namely tortang malunggay, alugbati-squash ukoy and Palawan delight are nutritious, cheap and indigenous to the community. The acceptability test was done among the three selected age groups: school-age children (6-12 yrs old), adolescents (13-19 yrs old) and adult (20-40 yrs old). Pre-tested structured questionnaires were used in the evaluation of the acceptability of the three recipes. Results were analyzed using frequency distribution and test of proportion to determine whether or not the prepared recipes are acceptable. Chi-square analysis was used to test the independence of acceptability of the food items based on the set criteria and the age group categories of the panelists. The results show that three newly formulated recipes namely tortang malunggay, alugbati-squash ukoy and Palawan delight were found to contain high amount of energy content (107 kcal, 181 kcal and 160 kcal) and essential nutrients such as vitamins A and C, calcium and iron which are needed and vital to the body. The percent Recommended Dietary Allowance requirements derived from the three newly formulated food recipes were 5.35% of the total caloric need per serving for the tortang malunggay, alugbati-squash ukoy and palawan delight could supply 9.05% and 8.00% of the total caloric needs. For the sensory test, results show that in terms of the appearance, the three recipes: tortang malunggay, alugbati-squash ukoy and Palawan delight are acceptable to 82.22%, 95.56%, and 84.44% of the panelists respectively. Smell of the three recipes is acceptable to 87.78% of the panelists. Among the ninety panelists, 87.78% and 83.33% said that the taste of the food recipes is acceptable. In terms of texture, tortang malunggay received the highest acceptance level of 88.89%. Based on general acceptability, Palawan delight was liked by 93.33% panelist. The computed Chi-square values show that the acceptability based on sensory analysis and general acceptability of the three food recipes (except the taste of alugbati-squash ukoy) is not dependent on the age group category of the panelists. The costs of the three recipes were also acceptable to 95.56% of the panelists. As to the food action-response, 95.56% expressed a favorable response. Because of the positive results obtained during the acceptability test on the three food items, the researchers recommend these recipes be included in Food Supplementation and Nutrition Education activities.Item Abundance, composition and distribution of phytoplankton in Mindoro StraitBayona, Riena Rose M. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2008-04)Phytoplankton in Mindoro Strait, north of Palawan, were investigated from the samples taken last April-May 2007. Twenty stations were selected from over 40 stations surveyed. Samples were collected by filtering 50L of surface waters through 20 micrometer mesh plankton net using a 10L bucket. Phytoplankton assemblage was grouped into four major taxa. Diatoms dominated the area. It recorded the highest mean density of 314.9indivL-1. It was followed by blue green algae that noted a mean density of 165.69indivL-1. The next most abundant was dinoflagellates that recorded a mean density of 51.59indivL-1 and then the group of silicoflagellates. It recoded 35.69indivL-1 mean density. The top three species were Trichodesmium, Thalasiothrix and Isthmia. Protoperidinium represented the dinoflagellates among the top genera while Eutintinnus recorded the highest silicoflagellate. Higher concentrations were found in the midst of the oceanic region where water currents mainly pass. Overall abundance is lower than other nearby waters. This is maybe due to the effect of water currents.Item Mangrove community structure in Makato River, Makato, AklanBejemino, Liza Marie P. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2004-04)Mangroves are plants that thrive in habitats with very limited conditions for plant life. They are usually found in intertidal zones and along tropical and subtropical coasts. A lot of mangrove forests were destroyed due to overexploitation mainly by human activities. This study was the first to be conducted to provide the community structure of mangroves in Makato River. This study will establish the importance of mangrove communities as well as provide necessary information for the proper management of the mangrove community. The study aims to assess the community structure of mangroves in Makato River, Makato, Aklan. It specifically aims the following: (1) determine selected physical and chemical factors; (2) identify and classify true mangrove species present in the area; and (3) describe the community structure in terms of Stand Basal Area, Stems per Hectare, Relative Density, Relative frequency, Relative Dominance, Importance value, Shannon Index of Diversity, Zonation Pattern and Seedling and Sapling Density. There was a total of 22 true mangrove species belonging to nine families found in the study conducted in the mangrove community in Makato River, of the municipality of Makato, in the province of Aklan. The nine families are Family Avicenniaceae which is represented by Avicennia alba, Avicennia marina, Avicennia rumphiana and Avicennia officinalis, Family Rhizophoraceae which is represented by Bruguiera cylindrica, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Bruguiera parviflora, Bruguiera sexangula, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata , Rhizophora stylosa and Ceriops decandra, Family Sonneratiaceae which is represented by Sonneralia alba and Sonneratia caseolaris; Family Meliaceae which is represented by Xylocarpus granatum and Xylocarpus moluccensis; Family Myrsinaceae represented by Aegiceras corniculatum. Family Euphorbiaceae represented by Exoecaria agallocha, Family Sterculiaceae represented by Heritera littoralis , Family Palmae represented by Nypa fruticans , and Family Rubiaceae represented by Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea. The salinity in the area ranges from 0-35 ppt. Water and soil temperature ranges from 24 C to 27 C while the water and soil pH is relatively neutral, ranging from 6.81 to 7.04. The stand basal area for the whole sampling area is 1370.838 m2/ha2. Avicennia officinalis has the highest basal area with 235.896. Nypa fruticans has the highest stems per hectare in the whole sampling area with 12500. There is an average of 6472.727 stems per hectare. Nypa fruticans has the most number of individuals having the highest relative density of 27.572. Herritiera litloralis is considered to be the least dense species with only 0.074. The frequently encountered species in the sampling site in Makato River is Nypa fruticans with 11.36%. Herritiera litloralis is the least occurring species with 0.61 %. The most dominant species found in the sampling site in Makato River is Nypa fruticans with 17.989. Bruguiera gymnorrhiza is the least dominant species with 0.009. The most important species in the mangrove community in Makato River is Nypa fruticans having an importance value of 56.923. The least important species is Heritiera litloralis with an importance value of only 0.916. The mangrove community in Makato River, Makato, Aklan is considered to be a diverse area having an index of diversity of 0.999. The zonation pattern is distinct in the three stations with station 1 as the freshwater zone dominated by Nypa fruticans and species which prefer low salinity such as Xylocarpus spp., Exoecaria agallocha and Heritiera littoralis. Station 2 which is considered as the middle zone is dominated by Avicennia sp., Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Bruguiera parviflora, Aegiceras corniculatum which prefer moderate salinity. Station 3 or the seaward zone is dominated by species that prefer high salinity such as S. caseolaris, A. marina and R. stylosa. The species with the most number of seedlings is Avicennia marina with 0.2777 while the species with the least number is Xylocarpus muloccensis with 0.0016. Avicennia officinalis has the highest number of saplings with a density of 0.4092 while the least are Sonneratia alba, Bruguiera parviflora and Aegiceras corniculatum with a density of 0.0032 each.Item Occupational exposure to emissions of photocopying machines in Iloilo City: An exploratory studyBecodo, Cristina M.; Dignadice, Zynie B.; Gaviola, Ma. Thessa Urdolyn M.; Jumares, Analyn G.; Nievales, Cathy Q.; Panizales, Vanessa Grace L.; Teruel, Josie A.; Tingzon, Glynis S. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2004-04)Photocopying is a profitable business in Iloilo City. The photocopying machines are known to emit ozone and volatile organic compounds. This study aims to determine whether long-term exposure to photocopying machines will have adverse health effects on the operators. The group extracted blood samples from the respondents; had them undergo chest x-ray examination; answer questionnaires and checklists. From the blood samples, the group determined the WBC count, differential count and serum albumin, total protein and uric acid of the respondents. From the chest x-ray examination, the group aimed to see particles from photocopier emissions deposited in the lungs. From questionnaires, the group aimed to determine the operators’ common health complaints. From the checklists, the group aimed to know if the photocopying establishments have a suitable working space area and ventilation. The group aimed to determine the effect of years and hours of exposure to photocopiers; number of machines; ventilation; working space area; kind and number of toner on WBC count and differential count; health complaints; serum albumin, total protein and uric acid levels; and chest x-ray results of the respondents. Results showed that years and hours of exposure had no significant effect on the photocopier operators. However, other factors such as the number of machines, working space area and ventilation, number and kind of toner had significant effects on selected cell and serum levels in the blood of the operators and on their common health complaints. The group concludes that exposure to photocopying machines have significant effects on the health status of the photocopier operators based on the common health complaints they frequently experience, white blood cell count and differential count and blood serum levels.Item Survival and growth of the sea cucumber Holothuria scabra (Jaeger) juveniles reared at different dietsBaylon, Basil C. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2009-03)Sea cucumbers are economically important species, with high demand in local and international markets. Overharvesting due to this high demand causes depletion of wild populations of sea cucumbers. Stock enhancement has been resorted to improve the status of natural populations. This will need the development of rearing technology which includes studies on the effects of different diets on sea cucumber juveniles. In this study, the effects of five diets on growth and survival of sea cucumber Holothuria scabra juveniles were compared. The five treatments used were benthic diatoms (Navicula sp.) alone, combination of benthic diatoms and seaweed (Sargassum sp.) extract, seagrass extract alone, combination of benthic diatoms and seagrass (Thalassia sp.) extract, and commercial shrimp feed. Three replicates were used for each treatment. For every replicate. 10 juveniles with body length 1-2 mm were reared in a 3-L culture container with seawater and no sand substrate. Salinity ranged from 32-35 ppt and the temperature from 26-29°C. It was observed that there was a trend of increasing body weight, body length, and body width of juveniles as weeks of culture progressed. After 7 weeks of culture, best weight gain, increase in body length and body width was achieved in juveniles fed with either benthic diatoms alone or combination diet of benthic diatoms and seaweed extract. There was high survival in all feeding treatments except in H. scabra juveniles fed with commercial shrimp feed. The lowest body weight, length and width and lowest survival were consistently obtained from juveniles given commercial shrimp feed.Item Mangrove community structure survey in Iloilo RiverBayate, Bryna Kimberly L. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2004-04)Mangroves are highly productive forests growing along tropical tidal mudflats and shallow water coastal areas where water is generally brackish. The structure of the mangrove stand in the Iloilo River was studied using the transect line plot method with 55 plots established in the 3 out of 4 stations of the river. Community Structure is described in terms of the following parameters: basal area, stems per hectare, relative density, relative frequency, relative dominance and importance value of the species and the Shannon Index of Diversity. Variations in these parameters are correlated with certain physico-chemical factors- soil and water temperature, soil and water pH, and water salinity.Nineteen(19) true mangrove species were found in the area belonging to 10 families. These include Mysinaceae family represented by Aegiceras corniculatum ; Avicenniaceae family represented by Avicennia alba, Avicennia marina, Avicennia officinalis and Avicennia rumphiana; Euphorbiaceae family represented by Excoecaria agallocha; Sterculiaceae family represented by Heritiera littoralis; Combretaceae family represented by Lumnitzera racemosa; Palmae family represented by Nypa fruticans; Rhizophoraceae family represented by Bruguiera cylindrica Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, and Rhizophora stylosa; Sonneratiaceae family represented by Sonneratia alba, Sonneratia caseolaris, and Sonneratia ovata.Ruciaceae family represented by Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea and Meliaceae family represented by Xylocarpus granatum, and Xylocarpus meckongensis. Avicennia officinalis has the highest total basal area of 650.69m2/ha, Avicennia alba, Aegiceras corniculatum, Avicennia marina, Avicennia officinalis, Avicennia rumphiana, Exoecaria agallocha, Lumnitzera racemosa, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora stylosa, Sonneratia alba and Xylocarpus moluccensis have equal relative frequency of 0.074. Avicennia marina obtained the highest stems per hectare with a value of 38933.33, relative density of 0.405 relative dominance of 0.332 and importance value of 0.913. The index of diversity is 1.010, indicating that the area is diverse.Item Abundance, composition and distribution of phytoplankton in West Central Sulu SeaBria, Jed B. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2008-11)A total of 28 stations were sampled for abundance, composition and distribution of phytoplankton in the West Central Sulu Sea. The samples were taken from 15-30 April 2007. Samples were collected by filtering 50L of surface water through a 20 pm mesh plankton net. A total of 96 phytoplankton genera were identified and were grouped into four major taxa. The overall mean density was 444.6 cells/L. Diatoms were the most abundant, with the mean density of 213.5 cells/L. The most abundant diatom genus was Chaetoceros. Blue-green algae showed the second-highest mean density of 127.6 cells/L. Trichodesmium was the most abundant genus among the two blue-green algae identified. Trichodesmium was also the most abundant genus, comprising 28.1% of all phytoplankton identified. Dinoflagellates and silicoflagellates were ranked third and fourth among the four major taxa with 77.5 cells/L and 28 cells/L, respectively. Protoperidinium was the most abundant dinoflagellate, while Amphorella was the most abundant silicoflagellate. They made up 6.2% and 1.2 % of all phytoplankton identified, respectively. The stations located along the coast of Palawan and near the Tubattaha Reef Marine National Park showed the highest phytoplankton concentrations.