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Item Effect of size on spawning of Imbaw, Anodontia edentula (Linnaeus, 1758)Cambel, Marianne P. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2008-04)The effect of shell size to spawning of imbaw, Anodontia edentula was examined. A total of 120 clams with shell length ranging from 34.90 to 68.20 mm were collected. Basing on shell length, 3 class sizes were used to group these clams, namely: < 45 mm, 45-50 mm, and > 50 mm. Thirty-five percent of the clams had shell length of < 45 mm, 21.7% in the range of 45-50 mm, and 43.3% had shell length of > 50 mm. Overall result showed that a high percentage of the clams in the range of 35 to 50 mm responded to spawning induction. Result showed that 41 (98%) of the clams in class size < 45 mm spawned. Twenty-six (100%) of the clams in 45-50 mm spawned and 31 (60%) spawned in class size > 50 mm. A mortality of 2 occurred among the broodstock and had shell lengths of > 50 mm. Among the clams induced to spawn, males predominated in the sample. Only 1 case of hermaphroditism was observed in < 45 mm and no females were observed to spawn. The only immature male in class size < 45 mm has a GSI value of 22.3. The mean GSI value of the 19 immature clams in class size > 50 mm was found to be 23.9 (±7.62).Item Analysis of stand basal areas of mangroves in selected sites in the Province of Antique, Panay Island, PhilippinesCalaor, Gazelh Mae T. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2007-04)Mangroves play both an important ecological and economic role. They are valuable to humans and are important component of the natural system. For the past few decades, mangrove forest has been experiencing severe degradation. People often fail to consider the important in the entire ecosystem. Generally, this study aimed to analyzed stand basal areas of mangroves in Antique. The study of basal areas of mangroves can provide an indicating the health condition and overall stands of mangroves in a given area. However few studies have been conducted about this area. Thus, the need for present study to provide an overview of mangrove development in Antique. Information gathered will be useful in the formulation of mangrove measures for the preservation of the remaining mangrove stands in Antique. Specifically, it aimed 1.) to identify the species present in Antique. 2.) to determine the basal areas 3.) to determine the stand basal areas of mangroves. Transect line plot method was used for the study. All sampled sites have been visibly been subjected to human disturbances of varying magnitude. There were 31 true mangroves species identified in the 11 municipalities studied belonging to 14 families. Abundant mangrove forest is in Semirara Island. Caluya with 28 species belonging to 13 families. The family of Rhizophoraceae was the most represented with 7 species identified. Lumnitzera racemosa and Nypa fruticans were found in all municipalities, whereas the least occurring were the Camptostemon philippinensis and Aegiceras floridum found only in Semirara Island. Caluya. Average stand basal area of Antique was 39.49 m2/ha. It ranges from 4.54 m2/ha for the municipality of Bugasong to 214.27 m2ha for the municipality of Semirara Island. Caluya. Average stand basal area per species of Antique Province were ranges from Sonneratia alba at 8.69 m7ha as the highest and the lowest at 0.0036 m2/ha exhibited by Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea. The relatively isolated state of is a good factor in development and establishment of a good mangrove cover. In comparison with other sites in Antique, the stand basal area in Semirara Island, Caluya is much higher reflective of a better and healthier stand.Item Habitat-type and temporal comparison of the meiobenthic composition of Taklong Island National Marine ReserveBurgos, Lorelie A. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2009-03)Meiofauna are very important indicators of human disturbances in the natural ecosystem. It plays a major role in the primary production, rapid nutrient cycling and other benthic chemical processes. Knowledge regarding marine benthic communities is scarce and is limited only to temperate regions. Moreover, only a few have been conducted in the Philippines, while no studies have been conducted in the Taklong Island National Marine Reserve, Nueva Valencia, Guimaras, so this serves as the baseline for further studies to be conducted in the place. This study provides a characterization of the spatial and temporal distribution of meiobenthic fauna in the Taklong Island National Marine Reserve. Specifically, the study aimed to compare the composition of meiobenthic infauna in different habitat types and to examine changes in their abundance and distribution from 4, 16 and 26 weeks after the oil spill. Meiobenthic samples were collected in Taklong Island National Marine Reserve during the Rapid and Monitoring Phases of the Benthos Project of the UPV Oil Spill Response Program. Surveys were conducted in September 2 and November 23, 2006 and February 9 2007, respectively 4, 16 and 26 weeks after the spill. Nine stations within the area were chosen based on the station grid for the biological surveys. A total of 20 taxa were identified, with nematodes being numerically dominant. It also showed the highest mean abundance in all the sampling period and for the entire habitat type. The over all mean density was (80276.71494 ind. m2, SD =19988.37), with the highest peak in February 20072007 which is 26 weeks after the oil spill (143,508.4 ind/m2). And the lowest density was recorded in the month of September 2006, 4 weeks after the oil spill (47,205.43 ind. m2). For the habitat type soft bottom has the highest recorded mean density in the entire sampling period. For the temporal variation food source, organic matter and temperature dictates the changes in distribution of meiofauna but in the study it mostly because of the oil spill happened before the sampling period.Item Filtration rate of the marine clam, Kaltelysia sp. at different light intensities and fed with microalgae Isochrysis galbana and Chaetoceros calcitransBravo, Agnes Therese A. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2005-04)Filtration rate of the marine clam, Katelysia with body lengths ranging from 5-6 cm and body weight from 45-65 g were determined by using the indirect method of suspension depletion and monitored by direct algal cell count. The effects of light intensity and algal species on the feeding behavior of the clam were determined. The first treatment involves total darkness where the basins containing the clams were covered with black plastic bag. In the second treatment, the basins with the clams were placed under ordinary light condition (12h light; 12h dark) and in the third treatment, the basins with the clams were positioned under a 20-watt bulb with continuous illumination (24h light). Results showed significant differences in the filtration rates of clams in different light intensities. It showed higher filtration rate in the total darkness treatment (F=0.132555907) followed by the 12h light: 12h dark treatment and lowest at the treatment provided with 24 h illumination. Apparently, illumination affected valve opening and siphon extension of the clam which also affected the filtration rate of Katelysia. Under total darkness treatment, the clams opened their valves and extended their siphons. Hence, there was highest ingestion of algae or filtration in total darkness which showed to be the optimum condition to stimulate or promote feeding. In the algal species preference experiment, the food used were either Isochrysis galbana, Chaetoceros calcitrans , or a mixture of both. Results showed that I. galbana had the highest number of cells ingested by the clams and removed from suspension. This is considered to be the preferred algal species (F=0.119713) followed by a mixture of both, and lowest on the treatment where C. calcitrans was used as food. The preference of the clam on Isochrysis galbana over Chaetoceros calcitrans could be its smaller size based on dry weight.Item Preliminary assessment of forest canopy and seedling condions of mangroves in oil affected areas in Taklong Island National Marine Reserve, GuimarasBenitez, Zaina Lei Licaniel (2007-04)Mangroves are important ecologically and economically in coastal areas in tropica] and sub-tropical areas in the world. However, they continue to be under threat from various human activities either directly or indirectly. The recent oil spill off the coast of southern Guimaras has brought numerous damages to these critical habitats including the mangroves in Taklong Island National Marine Reserve. This study is part of the over all Oil Spill Assessment program conducted by University of the Philippines in the Visayas following the sinking of M.T. Solar 1. This study aimed to determine the effect of oil spill on shoot development as an indicator of health conditions of trees and seedlings of selected mangroves such as Aegiceras floridum, Avicenia marina, Rhizophora apiculata Rhizophora , Rhizophora stylosa, and Sonneratia alba, in Taklong Island National Marine Reserve. Specifically, it aims to determine 1) standing leaves, 2) new leaves, 3) leaf scars of trees and seedlings. Results showed that shoot development among trees were not significantly different between oiled and unoiled sites but closer examination of species response revealed significant differences on standing leaves and new leaves only. Seedling shoot development showed a consistent significant difference among species and between sites. Aegiceras floridum and Sonneratia alba were least affected as shown by the higher number of standing leaves and least number of leaf scar while the Rhizophora spp. and Avicennia marina had the greatest number of leaf scars and least number of standing leaves. Results of this study showed that seedlings are clearly under stress and are more sensitive to oiling than trees although species response also varied individually. While tree species such as the Rhizophora spp. (e.g. R. apiculata, R. stylosa and R. mucronata) appear to be the most sensitive compared with Aegiceras floridum, Avicennia marina and Sonneratia alba. Results of this study will be useful in providing new knowledge on the evaluation of impacts of oil spills on mangroves.Item Abundance, composition and distribution of phytoplankton in Mindoro StraitBayona, Riena Rose M. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2008-04)Phytoplankton in Mindoro Strait, north of Palawan, were investigated from the samples taken last April-May 2007. Twenty stations were selected from over 40 stations surveyed. Samples were collected by filtering 50L of surface waters through 20 micrometer mesh plankton net using a 10L bucket. Phytoplankton assemblage was grouped into four major taxa. Diatoms dominated the area. It recorded the highest mean density of 314.9indivL-1. It was followed by blue green algae that noted a mean density of 165.69indivL-1. The next most abundant was dinoflagellates that recorded a mean density of 51.59indivL-1 and then the group of silicoflagellates. It recoded 35.69indivL-1 mean density. The top three species were Trichodesmium, Thalasiothrix and Isthmia. Protoperidinium represented the dinoflagellates among the top genera while Eutintinnus recorded the highest silicoflagellate. Higher concentrations were found in the midst of the oceanic region where water currents mainly pass. Overall abundance is lower than other nearby waters. This is maybe due to the effect of water currents.Item Survival and growth of the sea cucumber Holothuria scabra (Jaeger) juveniles reared at different dietsBaylon, Basil C. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2009-03)Sea cucumbers are economically important species, with high demand in local and international markets. Overharvesting due to this high demand causes depletion of wild populations of sea cucumbers. Stock enhancement has been resorted to improve the status of natural populations. This will need the development of rearing technology which includes studies on the effects of different diets on sea cucumber juveniles. In this study, the effects of five diets on growth and survival of sea cucumber Holothuria scabra juveniles were compared. The five treatments used were benthic diatoms (Navicula sp.) alone, combination of benthic diatoms and seaweed (Sargassum sp.) extract, seagrass extract alone, combination of benthic diatoms and seagrass (Thalassia sp.) extract, and commercial shrimp feed. Three replicates were used for each treatment. For every replicate. 10 juveniles with body length 1-2 mm were reared in a 3-L culture container with seawater and no sand substrate. Salinity ranged from 32-35 ppt and the temperature from 26-29°C. It was observed that there was a trend of increasing body weight, body length, and body width of juveniles as weeks of culture progressed. After 7 weeks of culture, best weight gain, increase in body length and body width was achieved in juveniles fed with either benthic diatoms alone or combination diet of benthic diatoms and seaweed extract. There was high survival in all feeding treatments except in H. scabra juveniles fed with commercial shrimp feed. The lowest body weight, length and width and lowest survival were consistently obtained from juveniles given commercial shrimp feed.Item Abundance, composition and distribution of phytoplankton in West Central Sulu SeaBria, Jed B. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2008-11)A total of 28 stations were sampled for abundance, composition and distribution of phytoplankton in the West Central Sulu Sea. The samples were taken from 15-30 April 2007. Samples were collected by filtering 50L of surface water through a 20 pm mesh plankton net. A total of 96 phytoplankton genera were identified and were grouped into four major taxa. The overall mean density was 444.6 cells/L. Diatoms were the most abundant, with the mean density of 213.5 cells/L. The most abundant diatom genus was Chaetoceros. Blue-green algae showed the second-highest mean density of 127.6 cells/L. Trichodesmium was the most abundant genus among the two blue-green algae identified. Trichodesmium was also the most abundant genus, comprising 28.1% of all phytoplankton identified. Dinoflagellates and silicoflagellates were ranked third and fourth among the four major taxa with 77.5 cells/L and 28 cells/L, respectively. Protoperidinium was the most abundant dinoflagellate, while Amphorella was the most abundant silicoflagellate. They made up 6.2% and 1.2 % of all phytoplankton identified, respectively. The stations located along the coast of Palawan and near the Tubattaha Reef Marine National Park showed the highest phytoplankton concentrations.Item Bacteriological survey and detection of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Streptococcus spp., and Vibrio spp. in bottom sediments from two sites in Iloilo RiverBarrera, Christopher (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2010-04)Bacterial contamination in the Iloilo river occurs because of various human activities. The assessment of the river was done using microbiological parameters (HPC, TC, FC, and FS) for 7 months in Sooc Bridge and Carpenter’s Bridge using bottom sediments for samples. Sediment was used because bacteria accumulate over time in the sediment due to high amounts of organic and inorganic matter in the substrate and this leads to better survivability of bacteria. The values obtained from microbiological parameters investigated are generally higher in Sooc Bridge. HPC results show that the higher mean value was in Sooc Bridge(7.43 x 108 CFU/lOOg). The levels of TC on both sampling sites ranged from 9.5 x 102to 2.40 x 104 CFU/100g. For TC, Sooc has the higher mean (1.76 x 104 CFU/lOOg) for 7 months. FC values ranged from 3.0 x 101 to 2.4 x 104 CFU/lOOg. Sooc bridge has the higher mean(1.17 x 104 CFU/lOOg) between the 2 sites. Lastly, the FS value range from 2.9 x 103 to 2.4 x 104 CFU/lOOg. Also, Sooc Bridge has the higher mean value (1.58 x 104 CFU/lOOg). There are no significant differences on the microbiological parameters used in each site. The FC/FS ratio revealed that mixed fecal materials contaminate the river. Among the four pathogenic bacteria detected, Salmonella spp. was the most abundant for 7 months (63-65%) and E. coli was the least abundant(>l%). Based on the criteria on sediment quality evaluation, there is little to moderate loading of organic and inorganic matter.Item Floristic composition and diversity of mangroves in selected sites in the province of Antique, Panay Island, Philippines.Balinas, Lucelle V. (Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, 2006-03)Mangroves in the Philippines are in constant danger due to innumerable disturbances in the environment. The study endeavored to assess the floristic composition and diversity of the mangroves in the province of Antique through transect and ocular survey in the randomly selected sites throughout the province. Diversity in the region is high with the presence of 3 1 true mangrove species represented by 16 families and 14 genera. The species include Acanthus ebracteatus, A. ilicifolius, and A. volubilis from Family Acanthaceae, Avicennia alba, A. marina. A. officinalis, and A. rhumphiana from Family Avicenniaceae, Camptostemon philippinensis from Family Bombaceae, Lumnitzera littorea and Lumnitzera racemosa from Family Combretaceae, Excoecaria agallocha from Family Euphorbiaceae, Pemphis acidula from Family Lythraceae, Xylocarpus granatum and Xylocarpus moluccensis from Family Meliaceae, Aegiceras corniculatum and Aegiceras floridum from Family Myrsinaceae, Osbornia octodonta of Family Myrtaceae, Nypa fruticans of Family Palmae, Bruguieria cvlindrica. B. gymnorrhiza, and B. sexangula, Ceriops decandra, C. tagal, Rhizophora apiculata. R. mucronata and R. stylosa from Family Rhizophoraceae, Scyphiphora hydrophvllaceae from Family Rubiaceae, Sonneratia alba, S. caseolaris and S. ovata from Family Sonneratiaceae, and Heritiera littoralis from Family Sterculiaceae . The Shannon Index of Diversity used to determine the measure of diversity in the area is correlated with Pielou's Equitability Index for Evenness. The measures of indices showed that diversity and evenness of the mangal area in the province are directly related, with values of 0.73232 and 0.51163, respectively. Caluya showed the highest diversity index of 1.0132, which consisted of 28 species from 13 families and 15 genera, while Bugasong has a relatively low diversity of 0.0486, denoted by 6 species from 4 families and 4 genera. In general, the high variations in the geomorphology of coastal areas in Antique provided a wide range of substrata for colonization of mangroves that contributed to the high species diversity.