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    Development of a Facile and Convenient Method for Sugar Determination in Low Moisture Confectioneries and Honeys Using Fourier Transform Infrared Attenuated Total Reflectance Spectroscopy and Chemometrics
    Setijadi, Catherine H.; Felix, Jonathan N.; Ellis, Helena C.; Alumbro, Jihan Santanina S.; Bello, Ghalib; Dumancas, Gerard G. (Informa UK Limited, 2020-01-10)
    A method using Fourier transform infrared with attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy and partial least squares (PLS) chemometric analysis to simultaneously quantify the mass percent concentrations of glucose, fructose, and sucrose, commonly found in honey and low moisture confectionery food products, was developed. A three-component full factorial design was generated as a training set (n = 64) to predict the sugar concentrations in a Box-Behnken testing set (n = 16). Analysis of the entire spectral region from 649.99 to 3996.38 cm−1 using Savitzky–Golay signal processing technique and PLS algorithm garnered optimal errors of prediction and better linearity between predicted and measured concentrations in the test set compared to analysis using a specific spectral region from 800 to 1500 cm−1 and using a wide array of signal processing techniques (first derivative, second derivative, moving average, binning, and standard normal variate). The model further detected these sugar concentrations in 3 standard honeys, 12 commercial honey samples, 8 honey adulterants, 13 low moisture confectionery food samples, and 15 unknown honey samples from Louisiana apiaries. Applying principal component and clustering analysis also enabled the discrimination of these honey samples based on their fructose:glucose ratios. Thus, the developed method represents a potentially novel, simple, accurate, nondestructive, and rapid means of quantifying concentrations of glucose, fructose, and sucrose in honey and low-moisture confectioneries in 1–2 minutes.
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    Centering social reproduction during crisis: Women’s experiences of food insecurity in Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, and the Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic
    Davies, Sara E.; Eslick, Belinda; Calsado, Darlene Joy D.; Juanico, Claire Samantha; Oo, Zin Mar; Roberts, Robin E.; Yadanar; Woyengu, Naomi (Taylor and Francis Group, 2024)
    Studies examining the gendered impacts of COVID-19 have shown that women have been disproportionately impacted by the socio-economic effects of the pandemic across multiple areas, including economic and food security. We sought to understand how the impacts of the pandemic on women’s food security in the Indo-Pacific region were influenced by women’s roles in performing the bulk of unpaid work and care involved in social reproduction. We interviewed 183 female farmers and vendors (market stallholders) in Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, and the Philippines. We found that across all three countries examined, women described an impact on their food security as well as their labour, processes of reproduction, and private household dynamics. Women’s household food security was impacted because of decreased income, increased business costs, rising food costs, and additional household costs. Further, our findings show that because it was typically women’s responsibility to manage household food security, women were anticipating food shortages and engaging in risks to mitigate against food insecurity. These findings demonstrate the urgent need to introduce national and international crisis response measures that differentiate the gendered social and economic impacts of crises that centers, rather than marginalizes, social reproduction in analyses.
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    Heat-induced changes in blends of skimmed buffalo and bovine milk
    Mejares, Carolyn T.; Huppertz, Thom; Chandrapala, Jayani (Elsevier, 2023)
    This study investigated the physical, chemical, and structural changes in mixtures of buffalo and bovine milk (0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, 100:0) induced by heating at 80, 85, 90, and 95 °C for 5 min. No significant changes in particle size, zeta potential, and calcium activity were observed in heated buffalo milk and its mixtures with bovine milk, irrespective of the heating temperature, but heating at ≥ 85 °C induced a significant decrease in pH. The increase in viscosity with heating was dependent on the ratio of buffalo to bovine milk and the heating temperature. The variation in casein dissociation, whey proteins denaturation and their association with themselves and casein micelles, and the alteration in salt balance were key factors that contribute to significant heat-induced changes in pH and viscosity of milk blends. © 2023 The Author(s)
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    Effect of calcium-sequestering salts and heat treatment on the rheological and textural properties of acid gels from blends of skimmed buffalo and bovine milk
    Mejares, Carolyn T.; Huppertz, Thom; Chandrapala, Jayani (Elsevier, 2024)
    The influence of adding 5 mM trisodium citrate (TSC) or disodium hydrogen phosphate (DSHP) and heat treatment (85 °C or 95 °C for 5 min) on the acid gelation properties of blends of skim buffalo and bovine milk (0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, 100:0) was investigated. Significant increases in gelation pH, final G′ values, firmness, and water-holding capacity of gels were observed with increasing proportion of buffalo skim milk and with higher heating temperature. Differences in gel firmness were linked to gel microstructure, where milk blends containing higher proportion of buffalo skim milk formed gels with denser protein network clusters. The addition of TSC or DSHP reduced the gelation pH, final G′ values and gel firmness, but increased gel water-holding capacity. These results provide a better understanding of acid gelation of buffalo and bovine milk blends which will subsequently promote the potential of using milk mixtures in modulating the gel texture.
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    Lactational changes in Filipino human milk oligosaccharides reveal maternal secretor status
    Albaladejo, Anthony Salvador B.; Nacario, Ruel C.; Navarro, Baby Richard R.; Lebrilla, Carlito B.; Completo, Gladys C. (Wiley, 2023)
    Background: Breast milk contains human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which are the third most abundant solid component and are considered indigestible with no nutritional value to infants. However, HMOs provide protection against pathogens, support gut bacteria, and aid in brain development. This study investigated the relationship between HMOs and secretor status and tracked changes in HMO levels throughout lactation. The study employed a rapid-throughput extraction method, nano-HPLC Chip/TOF-MS analysis, and an annotated HMO structure library for oligosaccharide analysis. Results: Results from the study revealed that 81% of Filipino mothers (N = 155) are secretors, while 19% are non-secretors. The total HMO abundance significantly decreased (p = 0.0001) throughout lactation but was significantly (p = 0.0390) higher in colostrum compared with mature milk. The total fucosylated HMOs had a significantly (p = 0.0460) lower absolute abundance, while the total sialylated HMOs showed a significantly (p = 0.0012) higher abundance in colostrum relative to mature milk. Non-fucosylated neutral HMOs showed no significant (p = 0.1040) difference in abundance between colostrum and mature milk. Conclusion: This is the first comprehensive data on the maternal secretor status of Filipino mothers, showing the decrease in total HMO abundance throughout lactation and differences in the abundances of various oligosaccharide types between colostrum and mature milk.
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    Coral reefs and small pelagic fisheries: Livelihood and governance interactions in Southern Luzon, Philippines
    Novilla, Carmela Therese T.; Fabinyi, Michael (Springer, 2025-04-02)
    Coral reef fisheries and small pelagic fisheries make different contributions to livelihoods, food and nutrition security, which have informed academic and policy debate about their respective needs for governance. However, few studies have explicitly examined how governance of these different fisheries interacts at a local level, or how they interact with wider social-economic contexts and processes. This study examines a small pelagic fishery in the Philippines, focusing on the varied interactions between this fishery and coral reefs. Drawing on household surveys, focus group discussions and interviews, we demonstrate the significant economic and social contributions made by the small pelagic fishery and describe a series of governance interventions aimed at protecting coral reefs and regulating small pelagics. We highlight some of the emerging governance risks that undermine legitimacy and social acceptance for the management of both small pelagic and coral reef resources. We argue that planning for successful management of fisheries needs to be highly cognizant of the complexity of livelihoods, to equity issues in sharing the benefits and burdens of conservation, and to tourism-fishery interactions.